{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:02:57Z","timestamp":1788969777798,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clark and Wells\u2019 prominent model of social anxiety disorder (SAD) assumes that cognitive variables such as negative expectations or dysfunctional cognitions play a central role in the symptomatology of SAD. In contrast to adults, it is less clear how well the cognitive model can be applied to children and adolescents. A network analysis with seven nodes was conducted to explore the importance of cognitive variables and their interaction with symptoms of SAD based on N\u2009=\u2009205 children and adolescents (8\u201318\u00a0years, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911.54\u00a0years). Cognitive variables had a high but differential impact within the positively connected network of SAD. Dysfunctional cognitions were most strongly connected within the network. Dysfunctional cognitions, as predicted by Clark and Wells\u2019 model, seem to act as a hub affecting several symptoms. The association between negative expectations and avoidance indicates that negative expectations may particularly contribute to the maintenance of SAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T19:02:17Z","timestamp":1635361337000},"page":"625-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cognitive Variables in Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5174-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Schwenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1273_CR1","unstructured":"Association AP (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"1273_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.005","volume":"50","author":"M Burstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burstein M, He J-P, Kattan G et al (2011) Social phobia and subtypes in the national comorbidity survey-adolescent supplement: prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(9):870\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.06.002","volume":"32","author":"K Beesdo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS (2009) Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin N Am 32(3):483\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2009.06.002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"1273_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.07.015","volume":"45","author":"PA Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao PA, Beidel DC, Turner SM et al (2007) Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: descriptive psychopathology. Behav Res Ther 45(6):1181\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2006.07.015","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1273_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.06.007","volume":"86","author":"SH Spence","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spence SH, Rapee RM (2016) The etiology of social anxiety disorder: an evidence-based model. Behav Res Ther 86:50\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2016.06.007","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 417","key":"1273_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.108.s417.1.x","volume":"108","author":"H-U Wittchen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wittchen H-U, Fehm L (2003) Epidemiology and natural course of social fears and social phobia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 108(Suppl 417):4\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0447.108.s417.1.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008174","volume":"29","author":"HU Wittchen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wittchen HU, Stein MB, Kessler RC (1999) Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychol Med 29(2):309\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291798008174","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1273_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16703-9_3","volume-title":"Social anxiety and phobia in adolescents","author":"S Knappe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knappe S, Sasagawa S, Creswell C (2015) Developmental epidemiology of social anxiety and social phobia in adolescents. In: Ranta K, La Greca AM, Garcia-Lopez L-J et al (eds) Social anxiety and phobia in adolescents. Springer, Cham, pp 39\u201370"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20670","volume":"27","author":"SM B\u00f6gels","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6gels SM, Alden L, Beidel DC et al (2010) Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depress Anxiety 27(2):168\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20670","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"1273_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.03.009","volume":"49","author":"A Kodal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kodal A, Bjelland I, Gjestad R et al (2017) Subtyping social anxiety in youth. J Anxiety Disord 49:40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.03.009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.05.002","volume":"45","author":"S Knappe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K, Fehm L et al (2011) Social fear and social phobia types among community youth: differential clinical features and vulnerability factors. J Psychiatr Res 45(1):111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.05.002","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1273_CR12","unstructured":"Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model. Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 63\u201369"},{"issue":"8","key":"1273_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(97)00022-3","volume":"35","author":"RM Rapee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rapee RM, Heimberg RG (1997) A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav Res Ther 35(8):741\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0005-7967(97)00022-3","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-018-0258-5","volume":"21","author":"E Leigh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leigh E, Clark DM (2018) Understanding social anxiety disorder in adolescents and improving treatment outcomes: applying the cognitive model of Clark and Wells (1995). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 21(3):388\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-018-0258-5","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12390","volume":"14","author":"M Nikoli\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikoli\u0107 M (2020) disturbed social information processing as a mechanism in the development of social anxiety disorder. Child Dev Perspect 14(4):258\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12390","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"1273_CR16","unstructured":"Clark DM (ed) (2005) A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In: The essential handbook of social anxiety for clinicians. Wiley, New York."},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000113","volume":"41","author":"J Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer J, Schmitz J, Tuschen-Caffier B (2012) Hat das kognitive Modell von Clark und Wells zur sozialen Phobie Erkl\u00e4rungskraft f\u00fcr das Kindesalter? Z Klin Psychol Psychother 41(1):9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000113","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-9012-9","volume":"34","author":"CA Alfano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alfano CA, Beidel DC, Turner SM (2006) Cognitive correlates of social phobia among children and adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 34(2):189\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-005-9012-9","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.2.211","volume":"108","author":"SH Spence","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spence SH, Donovan C, Brechman-Toussaint M (1999) Social skills, social outcomes, and cognitive features of childhood social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 108(2):211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.108.2.211","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00015-7","volume":"11","author":"TE Chansky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chansky TE, Kendall PC (1997) Social expectancies and self-perceptions in anxiety-disordered children. J Anxiety Disord 11(4):347\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00015-7","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199107000-00003","volume":"30","author":"DC Beidel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Beidel DC (1991) Social phobia and overanxious disorder in school-age children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30(4):545\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199107000-00003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.005","volume":"42","author":"B Tuschen-Caffier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tuschen-Caffier B, K\u00fchl S, Bender C (2011) Cognitive-evaluative features of childhood social anxiety in a performance task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 42(2):233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.005","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465808004487","volume":"36","author":"KJ Hodson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hodson KJ, McManus FV, Clark DM et al (2008) Can Clark and Wells\u2019 (1995) Cognitive model of social phobia be applied to young people? Behav Cogn Psychother 36(4):449\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465808004487","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2012.5.3.341","volume":"5","author":"F Schreiber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schreiber F, H\u00f6fling V, Stangier U et al (2012) A cognitive model of social phobia: applicability in a large adolescent sample. Int J Cogn Ther 5(3):341\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/ijct.2012.5.3.341","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"1273_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9421-2","volume":"38","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M, Blechert J et al (2010) Post-event processing in children with social phobia. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38(7):911\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-010-9421-2","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1273_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.09.001","volume":"49","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M, Tuschen-Caffier B (2011) Negative post-event processing and decreased self-appraisals of performance following social stress in childhood social anxiety: an experimental study. Behav Res Ther 49(11):789\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.09.001","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.07.008","volume":"43","author":"H Kley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kley H, Tuschen-Caffier B, Heinrichs N (2012) Safety behaviors, self-focused attention and negative thinking in children with social anxiety disorder, socially anxious and non-anxious children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 43(1):548\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.07.008","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.0016311","volume":"2","author":"M Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer M, Schmitz J, Heinrichs N et al (2011) Self-evaluation, social and cognitive performance in children with social phobia. J Exp Psychopathol 2(4):586\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5127\/jep.0016311","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1273_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.09.008","volume":"28","author":"AC Miers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miers AC, Bl\u00f6te AW, Heyne DA et al (2014) Developmental pathways of social avoidance across adolescence: the role of social anxiety and negative cognition. J Anxiety Disord 28(8):787\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.09.008","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800500258149","volume":"18","author":"SP Vassilopoulos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vassilopoulos SP (2005) Anticipatory processing plays a role in maintaining social anxiety. Anxiety Stress Coping 18(4):321\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615800500258149","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465815000715","volume":"44","author":"E Leigh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leigh E, Clark DM (2016) Cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a development case series. Behav Cogn Psychother 44(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465815000715","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"1273_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.05.008","volume":"42","author":"S Scaini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scaini S, Belotti R, Ogliari A et al (2016) A comprehensive meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions for social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 42:105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.05.008","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00954-w","volume":"51","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asbrand J, Heinrichs N, Schmidtendorf S et al (2020) Experience versus report: where are changes seen after exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy? A randomized controlled group treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51(3):427\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-019-00954-w","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1273_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00558-x","volume":"47","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asbrand J, Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M et al (2019) Effects of group-based CBT on post-event processing in children with social anxiety disorder following an experimental social stressor. J Abnorm Child Psychol 47(12):1945\u20131956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00558-x","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","volume":"16","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom D (2017) A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 16(1):5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20375","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1273_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617705892","volume":"12","author":"EI Fried","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fried EI, Cramer AOJ (2017) Moving forward: challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspect Psychol Sci 12(6):999\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617705892","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1273_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","volume":"9","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Cramer AOJ (2013) Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9:91\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI (2018) Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods 50(1):195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","volume":"23","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Fried EI (2018) A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychol Methods 23(4):617\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000167","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1273_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640658","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640658","volume":"12","author":"G Lunansky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lunansky G, van Borkulo CD, Haslbeck JMB et al (2021) The mental health ecosystem: extending symptom networks with risk and protective factors. Front Psych 12:640658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640658","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0910-x","volume":"50","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Waldorp LJ (2018) How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models. Behav Res Methods 50(2):853\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0910-x","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"1273_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001258","volume":"47","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Fried EI (2017) How predictable are symptoms in psychopathological networks? A reanalysis of 18 published datasets. Psychol Med 47(16):2767\u20132776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717001258","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1273_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.003","volume":"228","author":"A Heeren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heeren A, Jones PJ, McNally RJ (2018) Mapping network connectivity among symptoms of social anxiety and comorbid depression in people with social anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 228:75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1273_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.009","volume":"42","author":"A Heeren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heeren A, McNally RJ (2016) An integrative network approach to social anxiety disorder: the complex dynamic interplay among attentional bias for threat, attentional control, and symptoms. J Anxiety Disord 42:95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-017-9876-3","volume":"42","author":"A Heeren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heeren A, McNally RJ (2018) Social anxiety disorder as a densely interconnected network of fear and avoidance for social situations. Cogn Ther Res 42(1):103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-017-9876-3","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1273_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.078","volume":"243","author":"JK Langer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Langer JK, Tonge NA, Piccirillo M et al (2019) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: a network perspective. J Affect Disord 243:531\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.078","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"1273_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22890","volume":"51","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Brosof LC, Vanzhula I et al (2018) Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity and underlying vulnerabilities: using network analysis to conceptualize comorbidity. Int J Eat Disord 51(7):693\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22890","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1273_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000336","volume":"86","author":"TL Rodebaugh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodebaugh TL, Tonge NA, Piccirillo ML et al (2018) Does centrality in a cross-sectional network suggest intervention targets for social anxiety disorder? J Consult Clin Psychol 86(10):831\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ccp0000336","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"Suppl 14","key":"1273_CR49","first-page":"27","volume":"65","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Ono Y, Tajima O et al (2004) The social anxiety disorder spectrum. J Clin Psychiatry 65(Suppl 14):27\u201333","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001699","volume":"38","author":"AM Ruscio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT et al (2008) Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med 38(1):15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291707001699","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019341","volume":"119","author":"AM Ruscio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruscio AM (2010) The latent structure of social anxiety disorder: consequences of shifting to a dimensional diagnosis. J Abnorm Psychol 119(4):662\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019341","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000484","volume":"129","author":"AC Miers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miers AC, Weeda WD, Bl\u00f6te AW et al (2020) A cross-sectional and longitudinal network analysis approach to understanding connections among social anxiety components in youth. J Abnorm Psychol 129(1):82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000484","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1273_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00546-w","author":"C Schwenck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenck C, Gensthaler A, Vogel F (2019) Anxiety levels in children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00546-w","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1273_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01281-0","volume":"28","author":"F Vogel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vogel F, Gensthaler A, Stahl J et al (2019) Fears and fear-related cognitions in children with selective mutism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28(9):1169\u20131181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01281-0","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1273_CR55","unstructured":"Melfsen S, Florin I, Warnke A (2001) Das Sozialphobie und -angstinventar f\u00fcr Kinder (SPAIK), G\u00f6ttingen"},{"issue":"5","key":"1273_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118787328","volume":"27","author":"A Gensthaler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gensthaler A, Dieter J, Raisig S et al (2020) evaluation of a novel parent-rated scale for selective mutism. Assessment 27(5):1007\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118787328","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00933-1","volume":"51","author":"J Driessen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Driessen J, Blom JD, Muris P et al (2020) Anxiety in children with selective mutism: a meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51(2):330\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-019-00933-1","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-015-0181-y","volume":"18","author":"P Muris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muris P, Ollendick TH (2015) Children who are anxious in silence: a review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 18(2):151\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-015-0181-y","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1273_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Melfsen S, Walitza S, Warnke A (2011) Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Normierung des Sozialphobie und -angstinventars f\u00fcr Kinder (SPAIK) an einer klinischen Stichprobe (Psychometric properties and clinical norms for the German version (SPAIK) of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C)). Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 39(6): 399\u2013406; quiz 406\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000138","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000138"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.1.73","volume":"7","author":"DC Beidel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beidel DC, Turner SM, Morris TL (1995) A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychol Assess 7(1):73\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.7.1.73","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.3.235","volume":"8","author":"DC Beidel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beidel DC (1996) Assessment of childhood social phobia: construct, convergent, and discriminative validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety inventory for Children (SPA-C). Psychol Assess 8(3):235\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.8.3.235","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000090","volume":"28","author":"A Ogliari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogliari A, Scaini S, Kofler MJ et al (2012) Psychometric properties of the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C). Eur J Psychol Assess 28(1):51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000090","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw 48(2):89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1273_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01742","volume":"9","author":"PJ Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones PJ, Mair P, McNally RJ (2018) Visualizing psychological networks: a tutorial in R. Front Psychol 9:1742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01742","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1273_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ et al (2012) qgraph\u202f: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1273_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI (2016) Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000001","volume":"26","author":"K Schweizer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schweizer K (2010) Some guidelines concerning the modeling of traits and abilities in test construction. Eur J Psychol Assess 26(1):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000001","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00221300309601282","volume":"130","author":"JB Hittner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hittner JB, May K, Silver NC (2003) A Monte Carlo evaluation of tests for comparing dependent correlations. J Gen Psychol 130(2):149\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221300309601282","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1273_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823","volume":"53","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Waldorp LJ, M\u00f5ttus R et al (2018) The Gaussian graphical model in cross-sectional and time-series data. Multivar Behav Res 53(4):453\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"1273_CR70","unstructured":"Foygel R, Drton M (2010) Extended Bayesian information criteria for gaussian graphical models"},{"key":"1273_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.03.004","volume":"55","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, Hay AC (2018) Rethinking avoidance: toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 55:14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.03.004","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"1273_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.052","volume":"270","author":"G Fuentes-Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fuentes-Rodriguez G, Garcia-Lopez L-J, Garcia-Trujillo V (2018) Exploring the role of the DSM-5 performance-only specifier in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 270:1033\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.052","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1273_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02417.x","volume":"52","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M, Tuschen-Caffier B et al (2011) Restricted autonomic flexibility in children with social phobia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(11):1203\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02417.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0443-5","volume":"23","author":"J Siess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siess J, Blechert J, Schmitz J (2014) Psychophysiological arousal and biased perception of bodily anxiety symptoms in socially anxious children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(3):127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0443-5","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1273_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20659","volume":"18","author":"MK Forbes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Forbes MK, Wright AGC, Markon KE et al (2019) The network approach to psychopathology: promise versus reality. World Psychiatry 18(3):272\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20659","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1273_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2020.1746903","volume":"56","author":"EI Fried","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S (2021) On the importance of estimating parameter uncertainty in network psychometrics: a response to Forbes et al. (2019). Multivar Behav Res 56(2):243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2020.1746903","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1273_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092850","volume":"17","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2021","unstructured":"McNally RJ (2021) Network analysis of psychopathology: controversies and challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 17(1):31\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092850","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1273_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016","volume":"70","author":"EJ Kilford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilford EJ, Garrett E, Blakemore S-J (2016) The development of social cognition in adolescence: an integrated perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 70:106\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Child Psychiatry &amp; Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T08:17:45Z","timestamp":1682583465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-021-01273-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-398X","1573-3327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-398X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The studies on which the present work is based were approved by the local ethics committee of the Department of Psychology of the University of Giessen and therefore has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All persons who were included in this study gave their informed consent prior to their participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}