{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:20:24Z","timestamp":1781317224028,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T05:02:05Z","timestamp":1723352525000},"page":"1368-1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Primary and Secondary Callous-Unemotional Childhood Variants in a Korean Community Sample"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jakyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3203_02","volume":"32","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Dumenci L, Rescorla LA (2003) DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 32(3):328\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3203_02","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1747_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Autom Control 19(6):716\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"1747_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Author, Washington, DC","edition":"5"},{"issue":"22","key":"1747_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n B (2012) Using Mplus TECH11 and TECH14 to test the number of latent classes. Mplus web notes 14(22):1\u201317","journal-title":"Mplus web notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n B (2014) Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model. Mplus web notes 21(2):1\u201322","journal-title":"Mplus web notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"1747_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02412.x","volume":"52","author":"JJ Asscher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asscher JJ, van Vugt ES, Stams GJJ, Dekovi\u0107 M, Eichelsheim VI, Yousfi S (2011) The relationship between juvenile psychopathic traits, delinquency and (violent) recidivism: a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(11):1134\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02412.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.338","volume":"8","author":"DJ Bauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bauer DJ, Curran PJ (2003) Distributional assumptions of growth mixture models: implications for overextraction of latent trajectory classes. Psychol Methods 8(3):338\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.338","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21931","volume":"27","author":"DC Bennett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bennett DC, Kerig PK (2014) Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: differences in emotion processing. J Trauma Stress 27(4):415\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21931","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00231-1","volume":"27","author":"RJR Blair","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blair RJR (1999) Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality Individ Differ 27(1):135\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00231-1","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph001","volume":"12","author":"A Bolck","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bolck A, Croon M, Hagenaars J (2004) Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: one-step versus three-step estimators. Polit Anal 12(1):3\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pan\/mph001","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038662","volume":"141","author":"DJ Bridgett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bridgett DJ, Burt NM, Edwards ES, Deater-Deckard K (2015) Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: a multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychol Bull 141(3):602","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"1747_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01636.x","volume":"47","author":"SB Campbell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Campbell SB, Spieker S, Burchinal M, Poe MD, Network NECCR (2006) Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(8):791\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01636.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1747_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9167-8","volume":"32","author":"T Carthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carthy T, Horesh N, Apter A, Gross JJ (2010) Patterns of emotional reactivity and regulation in children with anxiety disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32:23\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-009-9167-8","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"10","key":"1747_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.95","volume":"19","author":"CA Cecil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cecil CA, Lysenko LJ, Jaffee SR, Pingault J-B, Smith RG, Relton CL, Woodward G, McArdle W, Mill J, Barker ED (2014) Environmental risk, oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation and youth callous-unemotional traits: a 13-year longitudinal study. Mol Psychiatry 19(10):1071\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2014.95","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1747_CR15","unstructured":"Clark S, Muthen B (2009) Relating latent class analysis results to variables not Included in the analysis. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/relatinglca.pdf"},{"key":"1747_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cole PM, Michel MK, Teti LOD (1994) The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: a clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 73\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1166139","DOI":"10.2307\/1166139"},{"issue":"5","key":"1747_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000277","volume":"9","author":"OF Colins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colins OF, Fanti KA, Salekin RT, Mulder E, Andershed H (2018) Psychopathy in detained boys: the search for primary and secondary variants in a clinical setting. Personal Disord Theory Res Treat 9(5):408\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000277","journal-title":"Personal Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"key":"1747_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-020-00329-x","volume":"24","author":"S Craig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craig S, Goulter N, Moretti M (2021) A systematic review of primary and secondary callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy variants in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 24:65\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-020-00329-x","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001062","volume":"31","author":"SG Craig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Craig SG, Moretti MM (2019) Profiles of primary and secondary callous-unemotional features in youth: the role of emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 31(4):1489\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579418001062","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"1747_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0598-z","volume":"47","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dadds MR, Gale N, Godbee M, Moul C, Pasalich DS, Fink E, Hawes DJ (2016) Expression and regulation of attachment-related emotions in children with conduct problems and callous\u2013unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47:647\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-015-0598-z","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000475","volume":"30","author":"MR Dadds","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dadds MR, Kimonis ER, Schollar-Root O, Moul C, Hawes DJ (2018) Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous\u2013unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children. Dev Psychopathol 30(1):67\u201377","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/026999398379628","volume":"12","author":"RJ Davidson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davidson RJ (1998) Affective style and affective disorders: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cogn Emot 12(3):307\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026999398379628","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"5","key":"1747_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.979934","volume":"45","author":"M Docherty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Docherty M, Boxer P, Huesmann LR, O\u2019Brien M, Bushman BJ (2016) Exploring primary and secondary variants of psychopathy in adolescents in detention and in the community. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45(5):564\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2014.979934","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001619","volume":"35","author":"JM Dollar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dollar JM, Perry NB, Calkins SD, Shanahan L, Keane SP, Shriver L, Wideman L (2023) Longitudinal associations between specific types of emotional reactivity and psychological, physical health, and school adjustment. Dev Psychopathol 35(2):509\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579421001619","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.425","volume":"19","author":"JF Edens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edens JF, Skeem JL, Cruise KR, Cauffman E (2001) Assessment of \u201cjuvenile psychopathy\u201d and its association with violence: a critical review. Behav Sci Law 19(1):53\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.425","journal-title":"Behav Sci Law"},{"key":"1747_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.02.005","volume":"111","author":"L Ezpeleta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ezpeleta L, Granero R, de la Osa N, Dom\u00e8nech JM (2017) Developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits, anxiety and oppositionality in 3\u20137 year-old children in the general population. Personality Individ Differ 111:124\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2017.02.005","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03600.x","volume":"63","author":"RA Fabes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fabes RA, Eisenberg N (1992) Young children\u2019s coping with interpersonal anger. Child Dev 63(1):116\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03600.x","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"1747_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9958-9","volume":"42","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Demetriou CA, Kimonis ER (2013) Variants of callous-unemotional conduct problems in a community sample of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 42:964\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-9958-9","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1747_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000317","volume":"53","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Kimonis E (2017) Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Dev Psychol 53(7):1230\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000317","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1747_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000505","volume":"54","author":"KA Fanti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fanti KA, Kyranides MN, Petridou M, Demetriou CA, Georgiou G (2018) Neurophysiological markers associated with heterogeneity in conduct problems, callous unemotional traits, and anxiety: comparing children to young adults. Dev Psychol 54(9):1634\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000505","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"1747_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fleming GE, Neo B, Kaouar S, Kimonis ER (2023) Treatment outcomes of children with primary versus secondary callous-unemotional traits. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol, pp 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01112-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01112-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204015577000","volume":"14","author":"JL Flexon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flexon JL (2016) Callous-unemotional traits and differently motivated aggression: an examination of variants in a noninstitutionalized sample. Youth Violence Juv Justice 14(4):367\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541204015577000","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv Justice"},{"key":"1747_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t62639-000","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frick PJ (2004) Inventory of callous-unemotional traits [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t62639-000","journal-title":"APA PsycTests"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","volume":"140","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick PJ, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Kahn RE (2014) Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychol Bull 140(1):1\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033076","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862","volume":"49","author":"PJ Frick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frick PJ, White SF (2008) Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(4):359\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1747_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-9990-1","volume":"44","author":"AD Gill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gill AD, Stickle TR (2016) Affective differences between psychopathy variants and genders in adjudicated youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:295\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-9990-1","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404044530","volume":"16","author":"M Gilliom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilliom M, Shaw DS (2004) Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. Dev Psychopathol 16(2):313\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579404044530","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421000481","volume":"35","author":"N Goulter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goulter N, Craig SG, McMahon RJ (2023) Primary and secondary callous-unemotional traits in adolescence are associated with distinct maladaptive and adaptive outcomes in adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 35(1):274\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579421000481","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1747_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000394","volume":"53","author":"N Goulter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goulter N, Kimonis ER, Hawes SW, Stepp S, Hipwell AE (2017) Identifying stable variants of callous-unemotional traits: a longitudinal study of at-risk girls. Dev Psychol 53(12):2364\u20132376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000394","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536164","volume":"2","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross JJ, Jazaieri H (2014) Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. Clin Psychol Sci 2(4):387\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614536164","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1747_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9629-4","volume":"40","author":"KL Herts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herts KL, McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML (2012) Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking stress exposure to adolescent aggressive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40(7):1111\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9629-4","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"400","key":"1747_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478551","volume":"82","author":"DC Hoaglin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hoaglin DC, Iglewicz B (1987) Fine-tuning some resistant rules for outlier labeling. J Am Stat Assoc 82(400):1147\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478551","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"1747_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00939-9","volume":"51","author":"J Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang J, Fan L, Lin K, Wang Y (2020) Variants of children with psychopathic tendencies in a community sample. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51:563\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-019-00939-9","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","volume":"2","author":"T Jung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jung T, Wickrama KA (2008) An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2(1):302\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02463.x","volume":"53","author":"RE Kahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Youngstrom E, Findling RL, Youngstrom JK (2012) The effects of including a callous-unemotional specifier for the diagnosis of conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53(3):271\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02463.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032880","volume":"25","author":"RE Kahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahn RE, Frick PJ, Youngstrom EA, Kogos Youngstrom J, Feeny NC, Findling RL (2013) Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample. Psychol Assess 25(3):966\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032880","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1747_CR47","first-page":"112","volume":"3","author":"B Karpman","year":"1941","unstructured":"Karpman B (1941) On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: the symptomatic and the idiopathic. J Crim Psychopathol 3:112\u2013137","journal-title":"J Crim Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21700","volume":"25","author":"PK Kerig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kerig PK, Bennett DC, Thompson M, Becker SP (2012) \u201cNothing really matters\u201d: emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. J Trauma Stress 25(3):272\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21700","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"1747_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00379","volume":"10","author":"H Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim H, Chang H (2019) Longitudinal association between children\u2019s callous-unemotional traits and social competence: child executive function and maternal warmth as moderators. Front Psychol 10:379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00379","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1747_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y, Lee J, Moon S, Kim Y, Oh K (2009) Standardization study for the Korean version of the child behavior checklist for ages 1.5\u20135. Korean J Clin Psycholol 28(1): 117\u2013136.","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2009.28.1.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-023-00455-2","volume":"26","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kimonis ER (2023) The emotionally sensitive child-adverse parenting Experiences-Allostatic (Over) load (ESCAPE-AL) model for the development of secondary psychopathic traits. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 26(4):1097\u20131114","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1747_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-013-9756-8","volume":"23","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Bagner DM, Linares D, Blake CA, Rodriguez G (2014) Parent training outcomes among young children with callous\u2013unemotional conduct problems with or at risk for developmental delay. J Child Fam Stud 23:437\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-013-9756-8","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416001206","volume":"29","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Fanti KA, Goulter N, Hall J (2017) Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol 29(4):1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579416001206","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000557","volume":"24","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Frick PJ, Cauffman E, Goldweber A, Skeem J (2012) Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Dev Psychopathol 24(3):1091\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579412000557","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1747_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-010-9243-3","volume":"35","author":"ER Kimonis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Skeem JL, Cauffman E, Dmitrieva J (2011) Are secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy more reactively violent and less psychosocially mature than primary variants? Law Hum Behav 35(5):381\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10979-010-9243-3","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"},{"key":"1747_CR56","unstructured":"Kline RB (2011) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd edn. The Guilford Press, New York."},{"key":"1747_CR57","first-page":"101","volume":"3","author":"SL Koole","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koole SL, Aldao A (2016) The self-regulation of emotion: theoretical and empirical advances. Handbook of Self-Regulation 3:101\u2013112","journal-title":"Handbook of Self-Regulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1747_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13272","volume":"90","author":"I Lavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lavi I, Katz LF, Ozer EJ, Gross JJ (2019) Emotion reactivity and regulation in maltreated children: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 90(5):1503\u20131524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13272","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02831-6","volume":"20","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Zhong Y, Ma Z, Wu Y, Pang M, Wang C, Liu N, Wang C, Zhang N (2020) Emotion reactivity-related brain network analysis in generalized anxiety disorder: a task fMRI study. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-020-02831-6","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","volume":"88","author":"Y Lo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lo Y, Mendell NR, Rubin DB (2001) Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika 88(3):767\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr4104_4","volume":"41","author":"G Lubke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lubke G, Neale MC (2006) Distinguishing between latent classes and continuous factors: resolution by maximum likelihood? Multivar Behav Res 41(4):499\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327906mbr4104_4","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"1747_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9147-y","volume":"35","author":"MA Marsee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marsee MA, Frick PJ (2007) Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:969\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-007-9147-y","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1747_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100325","volume":"6","author":"GJ McLachlan","year":"2019","unstructured":"McLachlan GJ, Lee SX, Rathnayake SI (2019) Finite mixture models. Annu Rev Stat Appl 6:355\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100325","journal-title":"Annu Rev Stat Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000235","volume":"126","author":"AJ Meehan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meehan AJ, Maughan B, Cecil CA, Barker ED (2017) Interpersonal callousness and co-occurring anxiety: developmental validity of an adolescent taxonomy. J Abnorm Psychol 126(2):225\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000235","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00493-8","volume":"16","author":"PJ Michielsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michielsen PJ, Habra MM, Endendijk JJ, Bouter DC, Grootendorst-van Mil NH, Hoogendijk WJ, Roza SJ (2022) Callous-unemotional traits and anxiety in adolescents: a latent profile analysis to identify different types of antisocial behavior in a high-risk community sample. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 16(1):58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00493-8","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.3.771","volume":"44","author":"JL Miner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miner JL, Clarke-Stewart KA (2008) Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Dev Psychol 44(3):771\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.44.3.771","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","volume":"100","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moffitt TE (1993) Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychol Rev 100(4):674\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1747_CR68","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO (2018) Mplus 8.2 [Computer software]. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n, Los Angeles."},{"key":"1747_CR69","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO (1998\u20132017) Mplus user\u2019s guide, 8th edn. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n, Los Angeles."},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00309-w","volume":"23","author":"JC Northam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Northam JC, Dadds MR (2020) Is callous always cold? A critical review of the literature on emotion and the development of callous-unemotional traits in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 23(2):265\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-019-00309-w","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1747_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01070-w","volume":"52","author":"R O\u2019Kearney","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Kearney R, Chng RY, Salmon K (2021) Callous-unemotional features are associated with emotion recognition impairments in young ODD children with low but not high affective arousal. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 52:869\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-020-01070-w","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1747_CR72","unstructured":"Oh K, Kim Y, Ha E, Lee H, Hong K (2010) Korean version of the child behavior checklist for ages 6\u201318. Huno, Seoul."},{"key":"1747_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Payot M, Monseur C, Stievenart M (2023) Primary and secondary variants of Callous-unemotional traits in early and middle childhood: distinction, evaluation and empathic differences. Child Psychiatry Human Dev, pp 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-023-01576-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01576-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-1789(95)00010-0","volume":"1","author":"S Porter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Porter S (1996) Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggress Violent Beh 1(2):179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1359-1789(95)00010-0","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Beh"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000970","volume":"22","author":"AM Reitsema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reitsema AM, Jeronimus BF, van Dijk M, de Jonge P (2022) Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic and descriptive review. Emotion 22(2):374\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000970","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"1747_CR76","first-page":"79","volume":"15","author":"A Rosan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosan A, Frick PJ, Gottlieb KA, Fasicaru L (2015) Callous-unemotional traits and anxiety in a sample of detained adolescents in Romania. J Evid Based Psychother 15(1):79\u201395","journal-title":"J Evid Based Psychother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","volume":"7","author":"JL Schafer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schafer JL, Graham JW (2002) Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods 7(2):147\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1747_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarz G (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat, pp 461\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"1747_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","volume":"52","author":"SL Sclove","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sclove SL (1987) Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika 52:333\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02294360","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"1747_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9404-z","volume":"36","author":"A Sharf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharf A, Kimonis ER, Howard A (2014) Negative life events and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 36:401\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-013-9404-z","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"1747_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164419839","volume":"79","author":"M Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin M, No U, Hong S (2019) Comparing the robustness of stepwise mixture modeling with continuous nonnormal distal outcomes. Educ Psychol Measur 79(6):1156\u20131183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164419839","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Measur"},{"key":"1747_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0099-3","volume":"44","author":"J-H Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song J-H, Waller R, Hyde LW, Olson SL (2016) Early callous-unemotional behavior, theory-of-mind, and a fearful\/inhibited temperament predict externalizing problems in middle and late childhood. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:1205\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-0099-3","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1747_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/016502500383232","volume":"24","author":"RE Tremblay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tremblay RE (2000) The development of agressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century? Int J Behav Dev 24(2):129\u2013141","journal-title":"Int J Behav Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1747_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204009333792","volume":"7","author":"MG Vaughn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vaughn MG, Edens JF, Howard MO, Smith ST (2009) An investigation of primary and secondary psychopathy in a statewide sample of incarcerated youth. Youth Violence Juv Justice 7(3):172\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541204009333792","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv Justice"},{"key":"1747_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00573","volume":"10","author":"E Truedsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Truedsson E, Fawcett C, Wesevich V, Gredeb\u00e4ck G, W\u00e5hlstedt C (2019) The role of callous-unemotional traits on adolescent positive and negative emotional reactivity: a longitudinal community-based study. Front Psychol 10:573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00573","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","volume":"18","author":"JK Vermunt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vermunt JK (2010) Latent class modeling with covariates: two improved three-step approaches. Polit Anal 18(4):450\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pan\/mpq025","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"1747_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vermunt JK, Magidson J (2002) Latent class cluster analysis. In: Hagenaars JA, McCutcheon AL (eds) Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 89\u2013106 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511499531.004","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511499531.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"1747_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x","volume":"46","author":"E Viding","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viding E, Blair RJR, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2005) Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46(6):592\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1747_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13182","volume":"61","author":"NJ Wagner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagner NJ, Waller R, Flom M, Ronfard S, Fenstermacher S, Saudino K (2020) Less imitation of arbitrary actions is a specific developmental precursor to callous\u2013unemotional traits in early childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 61(7):818\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13182","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1747_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171900374X","volume":"51","author":"R Waller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waller R, Wagner NJ, Flom M, Ganiban J, Saudino KJ (2021) Fearlessness and low social affiliation as unique developmental precursors of callous-unemotional behaviors in preschoolers. Psychol Med 51(5):777\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329171900374X","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1747_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932","volume":"46","author":"BE Weller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weller BE, Bowen NK, Faubert SJ (2020) Latent class analysis: a guide to best practice. J Black Psychol 46(4):287\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798420930932","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"1747_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9379-9","volume":"36","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Willoughby MT, Mills-Koonce WR, Gottfredson NC, Wagner NJ (2014) Measuring callous unemotional behaviors in early childhood: factor structure and the prediction of stable aggression in middle childhood. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 36:30\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-013-9379-9","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"1747_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9195-4","volume":"33","author":"MT Willoughby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willoughby MT, Waschbusch DA, Moore GA, Propper CB (2011) Using the ASEBA to screen for callous unemotional traits in early childhood: factor structure, temporal stability, and utility. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 33:19\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-010-9195-4","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"8","key":"1747_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21946","volume":"29","author":"EJ Wolf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolf EJ, Lunney CA, Miller MW, Resick PA, Friedman MJ, Schnurr PP (2012) The dissociative subtype of PTSD: a replication and extension. Depress Anxiety 29(8):679\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.21946","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"}],"container-title":["Child Psychiatry &amp; Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:13:31Z","timestamp":1759814011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01747-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-398X","1573-3327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-398X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"Ethical review and approval were not required for research on human participants, as per local legislation and institutional requirements.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent from the participants\u2019 legal guardians\/relatives was not required for participation in this study in accordance with national legislation and institutional requirements.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}