{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:56:25Z","timestamp":1774083385362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:56:57Z","timestamp":1774079817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents: The Relative Contribution of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Metacognitive Beliefs"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Hanne Undheim","family":"Hoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odin","family":"Hjemdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silje","family":"Steinsbekk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Nordahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1983_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text rev. APA, Washington, DC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","edition":"5th ed., text r"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"1983_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appsy.2011.03.001","volume":"14","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Sawchuk CN, Ciesielski BG (2010) Worry and the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic synthesis of specificity to GAD. Appl Prev Psychol 14(1\u20134):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appsy.2011.03.001","journal-title":"Appl Prev Psychol"},{"key":"1983_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-021-10288-4","volume":"46","author":"A V\u00eesl\u0103","year":"2022","unstructured":"V\u00eesl\u0103 A, Stadelmann C, Watkins E, Zinbarg RE, Fl\u00fcckiger C (2022) The relation between worry and mental health in nonclinical population and individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders: a meta-analysis. Cognit Ther Res 46:480\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-021-10288-4","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1983_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.017","volume":"53","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Copeland WE, Angold A, Shanahan L, Costello EJ (2014) Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the great smoky mountains study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(1):21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammadi RM, Pourdehghan P, Mostafavi S-A, Hooshyari Z, Ahmadi N, Khaleghi A (2020) Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102234"},{"issue":"5","key":"1983_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13487","volume":"63","author":"S Steinsbekk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinsbekk S, Ranum B, Wichstr\u00f8m L (2022) Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6-wave community study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(5):527\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13487","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James AC, Reardon T, Soler A, James G, Creswell C (2020) Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013162.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013162.pub2"},{"key":"1983_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shipp L, Leigh E, Rajesh S, Waite P (2025a) Evaluating the efficacy of psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. JCPP Adv e70056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcv2.70056","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70056"},{"issue":"8","key":"1983_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.07.006","volume":"23","author":"E Behar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM (2009) Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. J Anxiety Disord 23(8):1011\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.07.006","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00070-3","volume":"36","author":"MJ Dugas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dugas MJ, Gagnon F, Ladouceur R, Freeston MH (1998) Generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary test of the conceptual model. Behav Res Ther 36(2):215\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00070-3","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1983_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800015897","volume":"23","author":"A Wells","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wells A (1995) Meta-cognition and worry: a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Cogn Psychother 23(3):301\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465800015897","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"6","key":"1983_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2022.05.003","volume":"53","author":"MJ Dugas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dugas MJ, Sexton KA, Hebert EA, Bouchard S, Gouin J-P, Shafran R (2022) Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: a randomized clinical trial for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Ther 53(6):1147\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2022.05.003","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1983_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90048-5","volume":"17","author":"MH Freeston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Freeston MH, Rh\u00e9aume J, Letarte H, Dugas MJ, Ladouceur R (1994) Why do people worry? Pers Individ Differ 17(6):791\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90048-5","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"key":"1983_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","volume":"39","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carleton RN (2016) Into the unknown: a review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. J Anxiety Disord 39:30\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"1983_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9611-1","volume":"40","author":"MJ Dugas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dugas MJ, Laugesen N, Bukowski WM (2012) Intolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40:863\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9611-1","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-025-01809-3","volume":"56","author":"L Shipp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shipp L, Leigh E, Laverton A, Percy R, Waite P (2025b) Cognitive aspects of generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents: exploring intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive avoidance, and positive beliefs about worry. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 56(2):232\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-025-01809-3","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"1983_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.035","volume":"225","author":"N Osmana\u011fao\u011flu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osmana\u011fao\u011flu N, Creswell C, Dodd HF (2018) Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety and worry in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 225:80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.035","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1983_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01603-z","volume":"56","author":"H Ye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ye H, Chen C, Chen S, Jiang N, Cai Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Yu W, You R, Liao H, Fan F (2025) Profiles of intolerance of uncertainty among 108,540 adolescents: associations with sociodemographic variables and mental health. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 56:715\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-023-01603-z","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1983_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10020-3","volume":"43","author":"S Perrin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perrin S, Bevan D, Payne S, Bolton D (2019) GAD-specific cognitive behavioral treatment for children and adolescents: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Cogn Ther Res 43:1051\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-019-10020-3","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1983_CR20","volume-title":"Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression","author":"A Wells","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wells A (2009) Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press, New York, NY"},{"key":"1983_CR21","volume-title":"Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective","author":"A Wells","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wells A, Matthews G (1994) Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc"},{"key":"1983_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.123","volume":"361","author":"A Thingbak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thingbak A, Capobianco L, Wells A, O`Toole MS (2024) Relationships between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 361:36\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.123","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1983_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.11.002","volume":"53","author":"BH Esbj\u00f8rn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esbj\u00f8rn BH, Normann N, Christiansen BM, Reinholdt-Dunne ML (2018) The efficacy of group metacognitive therapy for children (MCT-c) with generalized anxiety disorder: an open trial. J Anxiety Disord 53:16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.11.002","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1983_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1042989","volume":"44","author":"N Koerner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koerner N, Tallon K, Kusec A (2015) Maladaptive core beliefs and their relation to generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Ther 44(6):441\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2015.1042989","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"1983_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000478","author":"SA Parkinson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parkinson SA, Styba-Nelson KAE, Penney AM (2025) What predicts change in generalized anxiety disorder severity? Examining negative beliefs about worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of emotions. Can J Behav Sci. Advance online publication https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cbs0000478","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2043808720970072","volume":"11","author":"AM Penney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Penney AM, Rachor GS, Deleurme KA (2020) Differentiating the roles of intolerance of uncertainty and negative beliefs about worry across emotional disorders. J Exp Psychopathol 11(4):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2043808720970072","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000641","volume":"41","author":"S Kertz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kertz S, Woodruff-Borden J (2012) The role of metacognition, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative problem orientation in children\u2019s worry. Behav Cogn Psychother 41(2):243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465812000641","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"1983_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.10.004","volume":"74","author":"C Thielsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thielsch C, Andor T, Ehring T (2015) Metacognitions, intolerance of uncertainty and worry: an investigation in adolescents. Pers Indiv Differ 74:94\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2014.10.004","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"1983_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102654","volume":"122","author":"E Pukstad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pukstad E, Halvorsen J\u00d8, Jensen MR, Solhaug S, Nordahl H (2025) Do metacognitive beliefs satisfy criteria as mechanisms of change in treatment? A systematic review and evidence synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 122:102654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102654","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1983_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B (2006) A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166(10):1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1983_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","volume":"146","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Monahan PO, L\u00f6we B (2007) Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 146:317\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1983_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.004","volume":"272","author":"K Tiirikainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tiirikainen K, Haravuori H, Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Marttunen M (2019) Psychometric properties of the 7-item generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents. Psychiatry Res 272:30\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00018","volume":"36","author":"B Birmaher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM (1997) The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(4):545\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1983_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00011","volume":"38","author":"B Birmaher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M (1999) Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38(10):1230\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2011.00915.x","volume":"53","author":"E Leikanger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leikanger E, Ingul JM, Larsson B (2012) Sex and age-related anxiety in a community sample of Norwegian adolescents. Scand J Psychol 53:150\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2011.00915.x","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"1983_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-4-19","volume":"4","author":"K Weitkamp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weitkamp K, Romer G, Rosenthal S, Wiegand-Grefe S, Daniels J (2010) German screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Informant agreement in a clinical sample. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 4:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-4-19","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR37","first-page":"237","volume":"5","author":"A Angold","year":"1995","unstructured":"Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, Pickles A (1995) Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 5(4):237\u2013249","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1983_CR38","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019) Depression in children and young people: identification and management (NICE Guideline NG134). Last updated May 2024. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng134"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12052","volume":"53","author":"M Topper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Topper M, Emmelkamp PM, Watkins E, Ehring T (2014) Development and assessment of brief versions of the Penn state worry questionnaire and the ruminative response scale. Br J Clin Psychol 53(4):402\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12052","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1983_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90135-6","volume":"28","author":"TJ Meyer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec TD (1990) Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behav Res Ther 28(6):487\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90135-6","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1983_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","volume":"21","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carleton RN, Norton MPJ, Asmundson GJ (2007) Fearing the unknown: a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. J Anxiety Disord 21(1):105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1983_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.07.004","volume":"44","author":"K Helsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helsen K, van den Bussche E, Vlaeyen JW, Goubert L (2013) Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch intolerance of uncertainty scale: comparison of the full and short version. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 44(1):21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.07.004","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1983_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.11.009","volume":"55","author":"LMW Dekkers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dekkers LMW, Jansen BRJ, Salemink E, Huizenga HM (2017) Intolerance of uncertainty scale: measurement invariance among adolescent boys and girls and relationships with anxiety and risk taking. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 55:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.11.009","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5","volume":"42","author":"A Wells","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S (2004) A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behav Res Ther 42(4):385\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1983_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoff HU, Hjemdal O, Steinsbekk S, Nordahl H (2025) Psychometric properties of the metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) in older Norwegian adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-025-01843-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-025-01843-1"},{"key":"1983_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00710-7","volume":"10","author":"C Huntley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huntley C, Young B, Smith CT, Jha V, Fisher P (2022) Testing times: the association of intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs to test anxiety in college students. BMC Psychol 10:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-021-00710-7","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.01.006","volume":"27","author":"PM McEvoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McEvoy PM, Mahoney AEJ (2013) Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 27(2):216\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.01.006","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1983_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.03.016","volume":"53","author":"GM Ruggiero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruggiero GM, Stapinski L, Caselli G, Fiore F, Gallucci M, Sassaroli S, Rapee RM (2012) Beliefs over control and meta-worry interact with the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on worry. Pers Individ Differ 53(3):224\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.03.016","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1983_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287171","volume":"18","author":"S af Winklerfelt Hammarberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"af Winklerfelt Hammarberg S, Toth-Pal E, Jansson-Fr\u00f6jmark M, Lundgren T, Westman J, Bohman B (2023) Intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy versus metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in primary health care: a randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS One 18(6):e0287171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287171","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"1983_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.5750\/ejpch.v2i4.812","volume":"2","author":"C van der Heiden","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Heiden C, Melchior K (2014) A 30-month follow-up of generalized anxiety disorder: status after metacognitive therapy and intolerance of uncertainty-therapy. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 2(4):434\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5750\/ejpch.v2i4.812","journal-title":"European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.12.005","volume":"50","author":"C van der Heiden","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Heiden C, Muris P, van der Molen HT (2012) Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther 50(2):100\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.12.005","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1983_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02621","volume":"10","author":"A Wells","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wells A (2019) Breaking the cybernetic code: Understanding and treating the human metacognitive control system to enhance mental health. Front Psychol 10:2621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02621","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1983_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2024.2434920","volume":"54","author":"E Andersson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andersson E, Aspvall K, Schettini G, Kraepelien M, S\u00e4rnholm J, Wergeland GJ, \u00d6st LG (2025) Efficacy of metacognitive interventions for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 54(2):276\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2024.2434920","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"1983_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02211","volume":"9","author":"N Normann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Normann N, Morina N (2018) The efficacy of metacognitive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 9:2211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02211","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1983_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2023.02.003","volume":"54","author":"H Nordahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nordahl H, Anyan F, Hjemdal O (2023) Prospective relations between dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, metacognitive strategies, and anxiety: results from a four-wave longitudinal mediation model. Behav Ther 54(5):765\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2023.02.003","journal-title":"Behav Ther"}],"container-title":["Child Psychiatry & Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:57:02Z","timestamp":1774079822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["1983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-026-01983-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-398X","1573-3327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-398X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}