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Virtual Reality (VR) technology has potential to act as an adjunct to existing treatments by targeting trauma-related shame. Using a multiple baseline single-case experimental design (SCED), this study aims to test the effectiveness of a novel VR intervention (SHINE-VR) addressing trauma-related shame in adolescents with a history of sexual abuse. The intervention consists of three consecutive modules which include psychoeducation, virtual social sharing and self-compassion tasks. Each module lasts between 15 and 20\u00a0min and is followed by a discussion with the administering clinician. Six adolescents (ages 14\u201317 years) were included. They received SHINE-VR additional to their regular trauma treatment. Direct and indirect shame, self-compassion and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were measured daily. Individual-level analyses indicated decreases in direct shame for most, and decreases in indirect shame as well as increases in self-compassion for some adolescents, though magnitude varied. The PTSD symptoms stagnated above a clinically relevant cut-off. Across cases, effects suggested small to modest improvements in direct shame but no consistent changes in indirect shame and self-compassion. Given the small sample and the heterogeneity in treatment responses, findings should be interpreted descriptively. The results suggest that SHINE-VR may be a promising addition to existing trauma treatments to decrease direct shame. Future studies should examine, in larger samples and over the full treatment course, whether more in-depth sessions and longer time periods would increase effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-026-02024-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:21:58Z","timestamp":1779085318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mixed Response Patterns to a Virtual Reality Intervention targeting Trauma-related Shame in Adolescents after Sexual Abuse: A Single-Case Experimental Design"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Krupljanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"van der Voort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenneke R. 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