{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:07:06Z","timestamp":1781690826125,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA189163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA189163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Metastasis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T08:30:19Z","timestamp":1526632219000},"page":"431-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lymph node metastasis in melanoma: a debate on the significance of nodal metastases, conditional survival analysis and clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark B.","family":"Faries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Reintgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kerivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Reintgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Carac\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9898_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)88089-2","volume":"140","author":"HM Snow","year":"1892","unstructured":"Snow HM (1892) Melanotic cancerous disease. Lancet 140:869\u2013922","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9898_CR2","first-page":"218","volume":"43","author":"DC Bodenham","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bodenham DC (1968) A study of 650 observed malignant melanomas in the South-West region. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 43:218\u2013239","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"9898_CR3","unstructured":"SEER Cancer Stat Facts https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/melan.html . Accessed 2 Jan 2018"},{"key":"9898_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3727.1397","volume":"152","author":"B Fisher","year":"1966","unstructured":"Fisher B, Fisher ER (1966) Transmigration of lymph nodes by tumor cells. Science 152:1397\u20131398","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9898_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800410","volume":"18","author":"SS Dadras","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dadras SS, Lange-Asschenfeldt B, Velasco P et al (2005) Tumor lymphangiogenesis predicts melanoma metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes. Mod Pathol 18:1232\u20131242","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"9898_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060761","volume":"170","author":"MI Harrell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harrell MI, Iritani BM, Ruddell A (2007) Tumor-induced sentinel lymph node lymphangiogenesis and increased lymph flow precede melanoma metastasis. Am J Pathol 170:774\u2013786","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"9898_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880358","volume":"14","author":"AJ Cochran","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cochran AJ, Morton DL, Stern S et al (2001) Sentinel lymph nodes show profound downregulation of antigen-presenting cells of the paracortex: implications for tumor biology and treatment. Mod Pathol 14:604\u2013608","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"9898_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060992","volume":"355","author":"DL Morton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al (2006) Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 355:1307\u20131317","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9898_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197709222971202","volume":"297","author":"U Veronesi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC et al (1977) Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs. N Engl J Med 297:627\u2013630","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9898_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820601)49:11<2420::AID-CNCR2820491133>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"49","author":"U Veronesi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC et al (1982) Delayed regional lymph node dissection in stage I melanoma of the skin of the lower extremities. Cancer 49:2420\u20132430","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"9898_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62768-2","volume":"61","author":"FH Sim","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sim FH, Taylor WF, Pritchard DJ et al (1986) Lymphadenectomy in the management of stage I malignant melanoma: a prospective randomized study. Mayo Clin Proc. 61:697\u2013705","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"9898_CR12","first-page":"793","volume":"351","author":"N Cascinelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M et al (1998) Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Program Lancet 351:793\u2013796","journal-title":"WHO Melanoma Program Lancet"},{"key":"9898_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10434-000-0087-9","volume":"7","author":"C Balch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Balch C, Soong S, Ross M et al (2000) Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0\u20134.0 mm). Ann Surg Oncol 7:87\u201397","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310460","volume":"370","author":"DL Morton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al (2014) Final trial report of sentinel-node biopsy versus nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med 370:599\u2013609","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9898_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70070-X","volume":"11","author":"I Songun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM et al (2010) Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 11:439\u2013449","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022343","volume":"347","author":"JB Hulscher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG et al (2002) Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 347:1662\u20131669","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9898_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199801000-00020","volume":"227","author":"JR Izbicki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Izbicki JR, Passlick B, Pantel K et al (1998) Effectiveness of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 227:138\u2013144","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"9898_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11470","volume":"318","author":"AE Giuliano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L et al (2017) Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:918\u2013926","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"9898_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506007","volume":"373","author":"AK D\u2019Cruz","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u2019Cruz AK, Vaish R, Kapre N et al (2015) Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer. N Engl J Med 373:521\u2013529","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9898_CR20","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Cutaneous melanoma","author":"CM Balch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Balch CM, Cascinelli N, Sim FH (2003) Elective lymph node dissection: Results of prospective randomized surgical trials. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ et al (eds) Cutaneous melanoma. Quality Medical Publishing, Saint Louis, pp\u00a0379\u2013395"},{"key":"9898_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-199211000-00008","volume":"2","author":"DW Hein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hein DW, Moy RL (1992) Elective lymph node dissection in stage I malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis. Melanoma Res 2:273\u2013277","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"9898_CR22","first-page":"3863","volume":"40","author":"B Fisher","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fisher B (1980) Laboratory and clinical research in breast cancer\u2014a personal adventure: the David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture. Cancer Res 40(11):3863\u20133874","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"9898_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.10.2229","volume":"12","author":"S Hellman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hellman S (1994) Karnofsky Memorial Lecture. Natural history of small breast cancers. J Clin Oncol 12(10):2229\u20132234","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9898_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-189407000-00075","volume":"20","author":"WS Halsted","year":"1894","unstructured":"Halsted WS (1894) I. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1889, to January, 1894. Ann Surg 20(5):497\u2013555","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9898_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21217","volume":"64","author":"SP Leong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leong SP, Tseng WW (2014) Micrometastatic cancer cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood: clinical significance and biologic implications. CA Cancer J Clin 64(3):195\u2013206","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"9898_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1997.01430280012001","volume":"132","author":"B Cady","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cady B (1997) Basic principles in surgical oncology. Arch Surg 132(4):338\u2013346","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"9898_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1992.01420040034005","volume":"127","author":"DL Morton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH et al (1992) Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 127(4):392\u2013399","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"9898_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000086543.45557.cb","volume":"238","author":"DL Morton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morton DL, Hoon DS, Cochran AJ et al (2003) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma: therapeutic utility and implications of nodal microanatomy and molecular staging for improving the accuracy of detection of nodal micrometastases. Ann Surg 238(4):538\u2013549; discussion 549\u2013550.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"23","key":"9898_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613210","volume":"8","author":"MB Faries","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faries MB, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al (2017) Completion dissection or observation for sentinel-node metastasis in melanoma. N Engl J Med 8(23):2211\u20132222","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9898_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)00141-8","volume":"17","author":"U Leiter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leiter U, Stadler R, Mauch C et al (2016) Complete lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy positive melanoma (DeCOG-SLT): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17(6):757\u2013767","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"36","key":"9898_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4799","volume":"20","author":"CM Balch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ et al (2009) Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol 20(36):6199\u20136206 27(","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR32","volume-title":"AJCC cancer staging manual","author":"JE Gershenwald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gershenwald JE, Scolyer RA, Hess KR et al (2017) Melanoma of skin. In: Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F (eds) AJCC cancer staging manual, 8th\u00a0edn. Springer, New York","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"9898_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(02)00205-0","volume":"83","author":"R Essner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Essner R (2003) Surgical treatment of malignant melanoma. Surg Clin N Am 83(1):109\u2013156","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"9898_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.4.458","volume":"137","author":"MB Lens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lens MB, Dawes M, Goodacre T, Newton-Bishop JA (2002) Elective lymph node dissection in patients with melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 137(4):458\u2013461","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"9898_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2006.03.058","volume":"13","author":"SL Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong SL, Morton DL, Thompson JF et al (2006) Melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes who did not undergo completion lymphadenectomy: a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol 13(6):809\u2013816","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1098-2388.1993.tb00011.x","volume":"9","author":"MI Ross","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ross MI, Reintgen DS, Balch CM (1993) Selective lymphadenectomy: the emerging role of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the management of early stage melanoma. Semin Surg Oncol 9:219\u2013223","journal-title":"Semin Surg Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR37","first-page":"81","volume":"62","author":"G Miliotes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miliotes G, Albertini J, Berman C, Messina J, Glass F, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, Puleo C, Fenske N, Petsoglou C, DeConti R, Lyman G, Reintgen DS (1996) The tumor biology of melanoma nodal metastases. Am Surg 62:81\u201388","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"9898_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.1627","volume":"28","author":"C Balch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balch C, Gershenwald JE, Soong S-J, Thompson J, Byrd D, Cascinelli N, Cochran AJ, Coit D, Eggermont A, Johnson T, Kirkwood J, Leong S, McMasters K, Mihn M, Morton D, Ross M, Sondak V (2010) Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors among 2313 patients with stage III melanoma: Comparison of nodal micrometastases versus macrometastases. J Clin Oncol 28:2452\u20132459","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.54.3.131","volume":"54","author":"CM Balch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Balch CM, Soon SJ, Atkins MB et al (2004) An evidence-based staging system for cutaneous melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin 54:131\u2013149","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9898_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2652-4","volume":"20","author":"M Reintgen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reintgen M, Murray L, Akman K, Giuliano R, Loznicki A, Shivers S, Reintgen DS (2013) Evidence for a better nodal staging system for melanoma: The clinical relevance of metastatic disease confined to the sentinel lymph nodes. Ann Surg Oncol 20:668\u2013674","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9898_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-6-541","volume":"8","author":"LAG Ries","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ries LAG, Reichman ME, Lewis DR, Hankey BF, Edwards BK (2003) Cancer survival and incidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Oncologist 8(6):541\u2013552","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"8","key":"9898_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0211","volume":"15","author":"RM Merrill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merrill RM, Hunter BD (2010) Conditional survival among cancer patients in the United States. Oncologist 15(8):873\u2013882","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"9898_CR43","unstructured":"Kerivan L, Reintgen M, Shivers S, Reintgen E, Reintgen DS (2017) Conditional survival in melanoma: meaningful prognostic information for patients and physicians. Presented at the Society of Surgical Oncology Meeting, March. Seattle, Washington"},{"key":"9898_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6330-4","author":"MB Faries","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faries MB (2018) Completing the dissection in melanoma: increasing decision precision. Ann Surg Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-017-6330-4 Jan 4.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"9898_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6143-5","volume":"25","author":"CR Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi CR, Mocellin S, Campana LG et al (2018) Prediction of non-sentinel node status in patients with melanoma and positive sentinel node biopsy: an Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI) Study. Ann Surg Oncol 25:271\u2013279","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Metastasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T18:19:05Z","timestamp":1693678745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-018-9898-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0262-0898","1573-7276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0262-0898","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}