{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:43:09Z","timestamp":1791546189559,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Community Ment Health J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:48:25Z","timestamp":1768546105000},"page":"766-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bridging the Crisis Gap: A Scoping Review of Psychological Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors in Black Americans Using Crisis Hotlines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Geremew Werkeshe","family":"Wana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir Kumar","family":"Sarker Rony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Rakibul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1569_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900627","volume":"72","author":"W Adams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adams, W. (2021). Barriers to and facilitators of implementing peer support services for criminal justice\u2013involved individuals. Psychiatric Services, 72, Article 2019006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201900627","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02320-4","volume":"24","author":"L Affengruber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Affengruber, L., van der Maten, M. M., Spiero, I., Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mahmi\u0107-Kaknjo, M., Ellen, M. E., Goossen, K., Kantorova, L., Hooft, L., Riva, N., Poulentzas, G., Lalagkas, P. N., Silva, A. G., Sassano, M., Sfetcu, R., Marqu\u00e9s, M. E., Friessova, T., Baladia, E., Pezzullo, A. M., & Spijker, R. (2024). An exploration of available methods and tools to improve the efficiency of systematic review production: A scoping review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 24(1), 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-024-02320-4","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1569_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13115","volume":"54","author":"SM Alang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alang, S. M. (2019). Mental health care among Blacks in America: Confronting racism and constructing solutions. Health Services Research, 54(2), 346\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13115","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1569_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0283-2","volume":"37","author":"M. Alegr\u00eda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda, M., Atkins, M., Farmer, E., Slaton, E., & Stelk, W. (2010). One size does not fit all: Taking diversity, culture and context seriously. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(1\u20132), 48\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-010-0283-2","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040704","volume":"165","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Woo, M., Duan, N., Vila, D., Torres, M., Chen, C. N., & Meng, X. L. (2008). Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 359\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040704","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10077","key":"1569_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Ag\u00e9nor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. Lancet, 389(10077), 1453\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1569_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balfour, M., & Zeller, S. (2023). Community-based crisis services, specialized crisis facilities, and partnerships with law enforcement. Focus: Journal of the American Psychiatric Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20220074","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20220074"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13325","volume":"29","author":"CL Boness","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boness, C. L., Helle, A. C., & Logan, S. (2021). Crisis line services: A 12-month descriptive analysis of callers, call content, and referrals. Health & Social Care in the Community, 29(3), 738\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.13325","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"issue":"7","key":"1569_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0465","volume":"169","author":"JA Bridge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bridge, J. A., Asti, L., Horowitz, L. M., Greenhouse, J. B., Fontanella, C. A., Sheftall, A. H., Kelleher, K. J., & Campo, J. V. (2015). Suicide trends among elementary school\u2013aged children in the United States from 1993 to 2012. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(7), 673\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0465","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"1569_CR1","unstructured":"(CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P (2023). Suicide among Black youth: Trends and disparities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/suicide\/facts\/disparities-in-suicide\/black-youth.html"},{"key":"1569_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1336552","author":"KE Chaney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaney, K. E., Pham, M. D., & Cipollina, R. (2024). Black Americans suppress emotions when prejudice is believed to stem from shared ignorance. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1336552","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.004","volume":"47","author":"MT Compton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Compton, M. T., Pope, L. G., & Watson, A. C. (2024). Community-based mental health crisis response: An overview of models and workforce implications. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 47(3), 491\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2024.04.004","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"6","key":"1569_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366","volume":"18","author":"KO Conner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., III, & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: The impact of stigma and race. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(6), 531\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"1569_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4236\/sm.2019.93013","volume":"09","author":"A Curry-Stevens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Curry-Stevens, A., Deloney, G., & Morton, M. (2019). Rethinking services with communities of color: Why culturally specific organizations are the preferred service delivery model. Sociology Mind, 09, 183\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/sm.2019.93013","journal-title":"Sociology Mind"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12128","volume":"45","author":"J Draper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Draper, J., Murphy, G., Vega, E., Covington, D. W., & McKeon, R. (2015). Helping callers to the National suicide prevention lifeline who are at imminent risk of suicide: The importance of active engagement, active rescue, and collaboration between crisis and emergency services. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(3), 261\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12128","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"1569_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e256558","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.6558","volume":"8","author":"M Elhabashy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elhabashy, M., Adzrago, D., & Williams, F. (2025). Psychological distress among US-born and non-US-born black or African American adults in the US. JAMA Network Open, 8(4), e256558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.6558","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08964-3","volume":"20","author":"O Eylem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eylem, O., de Wit, L., van Straten, A., Steubl, L., Melissourgaki, Z., Dan\u0131\u015fman, G. T., de Vries, R., Kerkhof, A., Bhui, K., & Cuijpers, P. (2020). Stigma for common mental disorders in racial minorities and majorities a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08964-3","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1569_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26334895231220259","volume":"5","author":"OJ Fisher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fisher, O. J., Donahoo, C., Bosley, E., du Cloux, R., Garner, S., Powell, S., Pickard, J., Grevis-James, N., & Wyder, M. (2024). Barriers and enablers to implementing police mental health co-responder programs: A qualitative study using the consolidated framework for implementation research. Implementation Research and Practice, 5, Article 26334895231220259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26334895231220259","journal-title":"Implementation Research and Practice"},{"issue":"8","key":"1569_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.030","volume":"71","author":"C. L. Ford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010). The public health critical race methodology: Praxis for antiracism research. Social Science & Medicine, 71(8), 1390\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.030","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20240050","volume":"76","author":"ML Goldman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goldman, M. L., Elser, A., Yeh, H. H., McDaniel, M., Ma, L., Ahmedani, B. K., & Foster, A. A. (2025). Demographic and clinical characteristics of mental health crisis line callers who were transferred to 911. Psychiatric Services, 76(3), 282\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.20240050","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100216","volume":"63","author":"SH Hankerson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hankerson, S. H., & Weissman, M. M. (2012). Church-based health programs for mental disorders among African americans: A review. Psychiatric Services, 63(3), 243\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201100216","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"1569_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-017-9193-1","author":"K Hays","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hays, K., & Lincoln, K. (2017). Mental health help-seeking profiles among African Americans: Exploring the influence of religion. Race and Social Problems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12552-017-9193-1","journal-title":"Race and Social Problems"},{"key":"1569_CR22","unstructured":"Health, O., & o., M. (2021). National network to eliminate disparities in behavioral health (NNED). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov"},{"key":"1569_CR23","unstructured":"Heather Saunders, M. G., & Nirmita Panchal (2025). Behavioral health crisis response. Findings from a Survey of State Medicaid Programs."},{"key":"1569_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00399","volume":"7","author":"AS Hoffberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffberg, A. S., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., & Brenner, L. A. (2019). The effectiveness of crisis line services: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, Article 399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00399","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1569_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2307\/3090193","volume":"43","author":"AV Horwitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Horwitz, A. V. (2002). Outcomes in the sociology of mental health and illness: Where have we been and where are we going? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 143\u2013151.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"1569_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030333","volume":"165","author":"PD Jeanne Miranda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeanne Miranda, P. D., Thomas, G., McGuire, P. D., David, R., Williams, M. P. H., Ph.D., & Wang, P.M. D., Dr.P.H (2008). Mental health in the context of health disparities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1102\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08030333","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1569_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.07.001","volume":"30","author":"DE Jimenez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jimenez, D. E., Park, M., Rosen, D., Joo, J. H., Garza, D. M., Weinstein, E. R., Conner, K., Silva, C., & Okereke, O. (2022). Centering culture in mental health: Differences in diagnosis, treatment, and access to care among older people of color. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(11), 1234\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.07.001","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1569_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220199","volume":"74","author":"S Kandula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kandula, S., Higgins, J., Goldstein, A., Gould, M. S., Olfson, M., Keyes, K. M., & Shaman, J. (2023). Trends in crisis hotline call rates and suicide mortality in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 74(9), 978\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.20220199","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"1569_CR29","unstructured":"Keenan, S. (2025, May 20). (). Trump administration temporarily suspends enforcement of mental health parity final rule. https:\/\/www.keenan.com\/knowledge-center\/news-and-insights\/briefings\/trump-administration-temporarily-suspends-enforcement-of-mental-health-parity-final-rule\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21160","volume":"23","author":"JB Kirkbride","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., & Griffiths, S. L. (2024). The social determinants of mental health and disorder: Evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry, 23(1), 58\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21160","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1569_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207645","author":"TA Kitchingman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kitchingman, T. A., Caputi, P., Woodward, A., Wilson, C. J., & Wilson, I. (2018). <article-title update=\"added\">The impact of their role on telephone crisis support workers\u2019 psychological wellbeing and functioning: Quantitative findings from a mixed methods investigation. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207645","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000454","volume":"39","author":"TA Kitchingman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kitchingman, T. A., Wilson, C. J., Caputi, P., Wilson, I., & Woodward, A. (2018). Telephone Crisis Support Workers\u2019 Psychological Distress and Impairment. Crisis, 39(1), 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000454","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"1569_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.07.004","volume":"3","author":"MR Kramer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kramer, M. R., Black, N. C., Matthews, S. A., & James, S. A. (2017). The legacy of slavery and contemporary declines in heart disease mortality in the U.S. South. SSM - Population Health, 3, 609\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.07.004","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2010.00013.x","volume":"41","author":"GL Larkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larkin, G. L., Rivera, H., Xu, H., Rincon, E., & Beautrais, A. L. (2011). Community responses to a suicidal crisis: Implications for suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 41(1), 79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2010.00013.x","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"1569_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1187","author":"MA Lindsey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindsey, M. A., Sheftall, A. H., Xiao, Y., & Joe, S. (2019). Trends of suicidal behaviors among high school students in the United States: 1991\u20132017. Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1187","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1569_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500312","volume":"67","author":"JD Livingston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Livingston, J. D. (2016). Contact between Police and people with mental disorders: A review of rates. Psychiatric Services, 67(8), 850\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201500312","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12629","volume":"50","author":"J Ludwig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ludwig, J., Liebherz, S., Dreier, M., H\u00e4rter, M., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2020). Public stigma toward persons with suicidal thoughts\u2014do age, sex, and medical condition of affected persons matter? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(3), 631\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.12629","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"1569_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000334","volume":"203","author":"A. Lukachko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lukachko, A., Myer, I., & Hankerson, S. H. (2015). Religiosity and mental health service utilization among African Americans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(8), 578\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000334","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"1569_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XEB.0000511346.12446.f2","volume":"14","author":"M Macdonald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macdonald, M., Martin-Misener, R., Weeks, L., & Helwig, M. (2016). Covidence vs excel for the title and abstract review stage of a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 14, 200\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.XEB.0000511346.12446.f2","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"1569_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102208","volume":"33","author":"S Matthews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthews, S., Cantor, J. H., Brooks Holliday, S., Bialas, A., Eberhart, N. K., Breslau, J., & McBain, R. K. (2023). National preparedness for 988-the new mental health emergency hotline in the United States. Preventive Medicine Reports, 33, Article 102208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102208","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"1569_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20220128","volume":"74","author":"S Matthews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthews, S., Cantor, J. H., Holliday, S. B., Eberhart, N. K., Breslau, J., Bialas, A., & McBain, R. K. (2023b). Mental health emergency hotlines in the united states: A scoping review (2012\u20132021). Psychiatric Services, 74(5), 513\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.20220128","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"1569_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863292312121","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329231212120","volume":"16","author":"M McCarthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCarthy, M., McIntyre, J. C., Nathan, R., Ashworth, E. L., & Saini, P. (2023). Socioeconomic predictors of crisis and clinical pathways among people contacting a mental health crisis line. Health Services Insights, 16, 11786329231212120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786329231212120","journal-title":"Health Services Insights"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9740","volume":"324","author":"EE McGinty","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGinty, E. E., Presskreischer, R., Han, H., & Barry, C. L. (2020). Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA, 324(1), 93\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.9740","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1569_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.393","volume":"27","author":"TG McGuire","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGuire, T. G., & Miranda, J. (2008). New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: Policy implications. Health Affairs (Millwood), 27(2), 393\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.393","journal-title":"Health Affairs (Millwood)"},{"issue":"9","key":"1569_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.09.spec1-1409","volume":"16","author":"JM Metzl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metzl, J. M., & Roberts, D. E. (2014). Structural competency meets structural racism: Race, politics, and the structure of medical knowledge. Virtual Mentor, 16(9), 674\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.09.spec1-1409","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"issue":"9","key":"1569_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9627-1","volume":"40","author":"VM Murry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murry, V. M., Heflinger, C. A., Suiter, S. V., & Brody, G. H. (2011). Examining perceptions about mental health care and help-seeking among rural African American families of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(9), 1118\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-010-9627-1","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"1569_CR2","unstructured":"(NAMI), N. A. o. M. I. (2023). Poll of public perspectives on 988 & crisis response. https:\/\/www.nami.org\/support-education\/publications-reports\/survey-reports\/poll-of-public-perspectives-on-988-crisis-response-2023\/"},{"key":"1569_CR73","unstructured":"National Alliance on Mental Illness & Ipsos. (2023). Poll of public perspectives on 988 & crisis response [Survey report]. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https:\/\/www.nami.org\/support-education\/publications-reports\/survey-reports\/poll-of-public-perspectives-on-988-crisis-response-2023\/"},{"key":"1569_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.021","author":"B Nestor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nestor, B., Cheek, S., & Liu, R. (2016). Ethnic and racial differences in mental health service utilization for suicidal ideation and behavior in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"1569_CR47","unstructured":"News, S. (2024, April 21). (). Trump moves to eliminate SAMHSA, raising alarms over mental health access and equity. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2025\/04\/21\/samhsa-elimination-trump-kennedy-rfk-jr-substance-abuse-mental-health-aha"},{"issue":"7","key":"1569_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2224803","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.24803","volume":"5","author":"H Newton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Newton, H., Beetham, T., & Busch, S. H. (2022). Association of access to crisis intervention teams with county sociodemographic characteristics and state medicaid policies and its implications for a new mental health crisis lifeline. JAMA Network Open, 5(7), e2224803\u2013e2224803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.24803","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-9008-9","volume":"77","author":"VD Ojeda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ojeda, V. D., & McGuire, T. G. (2006). Gender and racial\/ethnic differences in use of outpatient mental health and substance use services by depressed adults. Psychiatric Quarterly, 77(3), 211\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-006-9008-9","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"key":"1569_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-00988-w","volume":"59","author":"AB Pederson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pederson, A. B., Tsai, A. C., Hawkins, D., Moskowitz, J. T., & Dixon, L. (2023). Understanding the association between mental health knowledge and mental health service utilization among black adults. Community Mental Health Journal, 59(1), 57\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-022-00988-w","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"1569_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.001","volume":"101","author":"AM Planey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Planey, A. M., Smith, S. M., Moore, S., & Walker, T. D. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: A systematic review study. Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 190\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.001","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"1569_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-00980-4","author":"R Ramasamy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramasamy, R., Thompson, A., & Simmons, S. (2022). Responding to acute mental health crises in Black youth: Is it safe to call 911? Community Mental Health Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-022-00980-4","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-020-01089-0","volume":"48","author":"KB Roth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roth, K. B., & Szlyk, H. S. (2021). Hotline use in the United States: Results from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 48(3), 564\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-020-01089-0","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health"},{"key":"1569_CR3","unstructured":"(SAMHSA)., S. A. a. M. H. S. A. (2022). 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline dashboard. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/find-help\/988"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0323","volume":"21","author":"DP Scharff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scharff, D. P., Mathews, K. J., Jackson, P., Hoffsuemmer, J., Martin, E., & Edwards, D. (2010). More than Tuskegee: Understanding mistrust about research participation. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 21(3), 879\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.0.0323","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"issue":"4","key":"1569_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207307742","volume":"51","author":"W. A. Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith, W. A., Allen, W. R., & Danley, L. L. (2007). Assume the position \u2026 you fit the description: Psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(4), 551\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764207307742 \\","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"4","key":"1569_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013172913880","volume":"3","author":"LR Snowden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Snowden, L. R. (2001). Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Mental Health Services Research, 3(4), 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1013172913880","journal-title":"Mental Health Services Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"1569_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030054","volume":"67","author":"LR Snowden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snowden, L. R. (2012). Health and mental health policies\u2019 role in better understanding and closing African American\u2013White American disparities in treatment access and quality of care. American Psychologist, 67(7), 524\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030054","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"1569_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suggs, B., Robins, L., Kerrigan, R., Cannedy, M., Buquo, M., & Savinsky, D. (2022). Help-Seeking and Services Utilization Among African American Emerging Adults: A Qualitative Study. 41, 31\u201348.","DOI":"10.52678\/2021.JHS.A3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03371-3","volume":"21","author":"Y Tong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tong, Y., Conner, K. R., Yin, Y., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Wu, M., & Wang, C. (2021). Suicide attempt risks among hotline callers with and without the coronavirus disease 2019 related psychological distress: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03371-3","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1569_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O\u2019Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., & Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m18-0850","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1569_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400248","volume":"66","author":"ER Walker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker, E. R., Cummings, J. R., Hockenberry, J. M., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Insurance status, use of mental health services, and unmet need for mental health care in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 66(6), 578\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400248","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"1569_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e252404","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.2404","volume":"8","author":"ML Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, M. L., & Narcisse, M. R. (2025). Discrimination, depression, and anxiety among US adults. JAMA Network Open, 8(3), e252404\u2013e252404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.2404","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1569_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2304","volume":"35","author":"AC Watson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watson, A. C., Compton, M. T., & Draine, J. N. (2017). The crisis intervention team (CIT) model: An evidence-based policing practice? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 35(5\u20136), 431\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2304","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"1569_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000411","volume":"12","author":"ML Wendel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wendel, M. L., Jones, G., Jr., Nation, M., Howard, T., Jackson, T., Brown, A. A., Kerr, J., Williams, M., Ford, N., & Combs, R. (2022). Their help is not helping\": Policing as a tool of structural violence against Black Communities. Psychology of Violence, 12(4), 231\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000411","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"1569_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146518814251","volume":"59","author":"DR Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146518814251","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"S2","key":"1569_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13222","volume":"54","author":"DR Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., & Vu, C. (2019). Understanding how discrimination can affect health. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1374\u20131388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13222","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1569_CR67","first-page":"1124","volume":"9","author":"C Woods-Giscombe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods-Giscombe, C., Robinson, M. N., Carthon, D., Devane-Johnson, S., & Corbie-Smith, G. (2016). Superwoman schema, stigma, spirituality, and culturally sensitive providers: Factors influencing African American women\u2019s use of mental health services. Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 9(1), 1124\u20131144.","journal-title":"Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity"},{"key":"1569_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.014","volume":"184","author":"R Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, R., Adeleke, B., & Pederson, A. B. (2025). Mental health knowledge and service utilization among black adults: Moderation by mental illness stigma. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 184, 102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"1569_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000507","volume":"45","author":"Y Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Matlin, S. L., Crusto, C. A., Hunter, B., & Tebes, J. K. (2022). Double stigma and help-seeking barriers among Blacks with a behavioral health disorder. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 45(2), 183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000507","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal"},{"key":"1569_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.060","volume":"139","author":"G Zalsman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zalsman, G., Levy, Y., Sommerfeld, E., Segal, A., Assa, D., Ben-Dayan, L., Valevski, A., & Mann, J. J. (2021). Suicide-related calls to a National crisis chat hotline service during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 139, 193\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.060","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"}],"container-title":["Community Mental Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:40:52Z","timestamp":1777970452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-025-01569-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-3853","1573-2789"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-3853","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2789","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}