{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:34:12Z","timestamp":1793907252174,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"UVA Jefferson Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR00316 and UL1TR003015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR00316 and UL1TR003015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Community Ment Health J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autistic people require frequent support from first responders (FRs) as a function of the core and associated features of their diagnosis; however, they often report negative experiences with FRs and avoid contacting 911. The goals of this study were to generate sustainable, community-informed training standards on autism that are applicable across branches of emergency response to address this concern. Autistic adults, caregivers of autistic people, and first responders were interviewed and surveyed to generate core recommendations, which were cross-referenced with evidence-based practices. Multiple recommendations emerged: FRs should be trained in autism identification and strategies focused on supporting sensory needs and communication; streamlining response efforts across responding units; identifying and involving the person\u2019s best advocate to guide interactions; using special interests to support the person; and sharing resources to improve future interactions. FRs should be flexible in their implementation of procedures given the unique challenges many autistic people face. An Autism Response Protocol is proposed that outlines these key strategies to inform future first responder training in autism. This study has important practice implications for future autism training program standards in policing as well as across partnering FR disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:54:16Z","timestamp":1784544856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["First Responders\u2019 Knowledge of and Training Needs in Autism: An Integration of Key Perspectives and Evidence-Based Practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Nevill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridgett","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katiana","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. D.","family":"Peppy Winchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0762","volume":"130","author":"C Anderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anderson, C., Law, J. K., Daniels, A., Rice, C., Mandell, D. S., Hagopian, L., & Law, P. A. (2012). Occurrence and Family Impact of Elopement in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics, 130(5), 870\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-0762","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1689_CR2","unstructured":"Andoh, E. (2025). Psychologists advocate for autism amid a wave of misinformation. American Psychological Association. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/2025\/09\/advocate-autism-wave-misinformation"},{"issue":"6","key":"1689_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06084-6","volume":"55","author":"D Aragon-Guevara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aragon-Guevara, D., Castle, G., Sheridan, E., & Vivanti, G. (2025). The Reach and Accuracy of Information on Autism on TikTok. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55(6), 1953\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06084-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"1689_CR4","unstructured":"Autism Society (2026). Safety on the spectrum: First Responder Initiative. Autism Society. https:\/\/autismsociety.org\/first-responder\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1689_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869318804297","volume":"10","author":"M Botha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Botha, M., & Frost, D. M. (2020). Extending the minority stress model to understand mental health problems experienced by the autistic population. Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2156869318804297","journal-title":"Society and Mental Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1689_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211065541","volume":"26","author":"N Bowden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bowden, N., Milne, B., Audas, R., Clasby, B., Dacombe, J., Forster, W., Kokaua, J., Gibb, S., Hughes, N., MacCormick, C., Smiler, K., Taylor, B., & Mirfin-Veitch, B. (2022). Criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism: A national birth cohort study in New Zealand. Autism, 26(7), 1783\u20131794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211065541","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"1689_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57\u201371). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/13620-004","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"1689_CR8","unstructured":"Chatman, S. (2024). Dolton officer uses Taser on boy with autism in case of mistaken identity, attorney says: VIDEO. ABC7 Chicago. https:\/\/abc7chicago.com\/avarius-thompson-dolton-police-department-body-camera-caught-on-video\/14331223\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001322","volume":"35","author":"V Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung, V., McCarthy, M. L., Cicero, M. X., Leventhal, J. M., & Weitzman, C. (2019). Emergency medical responders and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Emergency Care, 35(4), 273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001322","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1689_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04968-z","volume":"53","author":"A Christiansen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Christiansen, A., Minich, N. M., & Clark, M. (2023). Pilot survey: Police understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 738\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-04968-z. psyh.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"1689_CR11","unstructured":"Copeland, M. E., & Winterling, J. (1997). Wellness and Recovery Toolkits. The Copeland Center. https:\/\/copelandcenter.com\/resources\/wellness-and-recovery-toolkits"},{"key":"1689_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-018-9452-8","volume":"44","author":"A Copenhaver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Copenhaver, A., & Tewksbury, R. (2019). Interactions between autistic individuals and law enforcement: A mixed-methods exploratory study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44, 309\u2013333.","journal-title":"American Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"1689_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2729-1","volume":"46","author":"L Crane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crane, L., Maras, K. L., Hawken, T., Mulcahy, S., & Memon, A. (2016). Experiences of autism spectrum disorder and policing in England and Wales: Surveying police and the autism community. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(6), 2028\u20132041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2729-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"1689_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edwards, C., Love, A. M. A., Jones, S. C., Cai, R. Y., Nguyen, B. T. H., & Gibbs, V. (2023). Most people have no idea what autism is\u2019: Unpacking autism disclosure using social media analysis. Autism, 1107-1119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613231192133","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231192133"},{"issue":"7","key":"1689_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314546561","volume":"18","author":"M Elsabbagh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elsabbagh, M., Yusuf, A., Prasanna, S., Shikako-Thomas, K., Ruff, C. A., & Fehlings, M. G. (2014). Community engagement and knowledge translation: Progress and challenge in autism research. Autism, 18(7), 771\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361314546561","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"7","key":"1689_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-023-01121-1","volume":"59","author":"MP Fisher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fisher, M. P., & Lavender, C. D. (2023). Ensuring optimal mental health programs and policies for first responders: Opportunities and challenges in one U.S. state. Community Mental Health Journal, 59(7), 1341\u20131351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-023-01121-1","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"1689_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedman, C. (2021). Social determinants of health, emergency department utilization, and people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 14(1).\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100964"},{"key":"1689_CR18","unstructured":"Fry, H. (2024). Fatal shooting of autistic teen raises concerns about police response to people with mental health issues. Los Angeles Times. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/california\/story\/2024-03-12\/fatal-police-shooting-of-autistic-teen-raises-concerns-about-police-response-to-mental-health-issues"},{"issue":"12","key":"1689_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04485-5","volume":"50","author":"L Gardner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gardner, L., & Campbell, J. M. (2020). Law Enforcement Officers\u2019 Preparation for Calls Involving Autism: Prior Experiences and Response to Training. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(12), 4221\u20134229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04485-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3794-4","volume":"49","author":"L Gardner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gardner, L., Campbell, J. M., & Westdal, J. (2019). Brief Report: Descriptive Analysis of Law Enforcement Officers\u2019 Experiences with and Knowledge of Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 1278\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3794-4","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"1689_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104371","volume":"131","author":"L Gardner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gardner, L., Cederberg, C., Hangauer, J., & Campbell, J. M. (2022). Law enforcement officers\u2019 interactions with autistic individuals: Commonly reported incidents and use of force. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 131, 104371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104371","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"1689_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.23022005","volume":"21","author":"R Gerson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gerson, R., Malas, N., Feuer, V., Silver, G. H., Prasad, R., & Mroczkowski, M. M. (2023). Best Practices for Evaluation and Treatment of Agitated Children and Adolescents (BETA) in the Emergency Department: Consensus Statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry. Focus, 21(1), 80\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.23022005","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"1689_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibbs, V., & Haas, K. (2020). Interactions Between the Police and the Autistic Community in Australia: Experiences and Perspectives of Autistic Adults and Parents\/Carers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 4513\u20134526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04510-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04510-7"},{"key":"1689_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibbs, V., Love, A. M. A., Cai, R. Y., & Haas, K. (2021). Police interactions and the autistic community: Perceptions of procedural justice. Disability & Society. psyh. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2021.2007359","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2021.2007359"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15880","volume":"80","author":"E Greenwood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greenwood, E., Cooklin, A., Barbaro, J., & Miller, C. (2024). Autistic patients\u2019 experiences of the hospital setting: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(3), 908\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.15880","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"5","key":"1689_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04663-5","volume":"51","author":"K Haas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haas, K., & Gibbs, V. (2021). Does a Person\u2019s Autism Play a Role in Their Interactions with Police: The Perceptions of Autistic Adults and Parent\/Carers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(5), 1628\u20131640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04663-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"1689_CR72","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"M Hasan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasan, M., Lennon, M., & Pickles, K. (2025). Policing & Neurodiversity: The Challenges Faced by Frontline Police Officers Facing People with Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Criminology and Policing Education, 1(1), 1\u201328. https:\/\/journals.leedstrinity.ac.uk\/index.php\/ijpcj\/article\/view\/8","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminology and Policing Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"1689_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.011","volume":"56","author":"R Heeramun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heeramun, R., Magnusson, C., Gumpert, C. H., Granath, S., Lundberg, M., Dalman, C., & Rai, D. (2017). Autism and convictions for violent crimes: Population-based cohort study in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 491-497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"1689_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","volume":"292","author":"M Hennink","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","journal-title":"Social Science &amp; Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05192-5","volume":"53","author":"KA Hinkle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hinkle, K. A., & Lerman, D. C. (2023). Preparing Law Enforcement Officers to Engage Successfully with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Evaluation of a Performance-Based Approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(3), 887\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05192-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002283","volume":"49","author":"MJ Hollocks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718002283","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"1689_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04394-7","volume":"50","author":"SJ Howe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howe, S. J., Hewitt, K., Baraskewich, J., Cassidy, S., & McMorris, C. A. (2020). Suicidality Among Children and Youth With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Existing Risk Assessment Tools. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3462\u20133476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04394-7","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"1689_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04844-2","volume":"51","author":"K Hume","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hume, K., Steinbrenner, J. R., Odom, S. L., Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski, B., Szendrey, S., McIntyre, N. S., Y\u00fccesoy-\u00d6zkan, S., & Savage, M. N. (2021). Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism: Third Generation Review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(11), 4013\u20134032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04844-2","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"1689_CR32","unstructured":"International Association of Chiefs of Police (2023). Law Enforcement Resources on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Theiacp.Org. https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/resources\/fact-sheetbriefresourcetool\/law-enforcement-resources-on-autism-spectrum-disorder"},{"issue":"14","key":"1689_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815601501","volume":"30","author":"SS Jeste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeste, S. S., & Tuchman, R. (2015). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Journal of Child Neurology, 30(14), 1963\u20131971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073815601501","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"1689_CR35","unstructured":"Karch, T. (2024). Playing the long game: law enforcement recruitment. Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved from https:\/\/leb.fbi.gov\/articles\/featured-articles\/playing-the-long-game-law-enforcement-recruitment"},{"key":"1689_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khudair, A. A., & AlOshan, M. S. (2015). Caregivers of autistic children: Seeking information in social media. 2015 International Conference on Information Society (i-Society), 68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/i-Society.2015.7366861","DOI":"10.1109\/i-Society.2015.7366861"},{"key":"1689_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112590","volume":"271","author":"A La Manna","year":"2025","unstructured":"La Manna, A., Siddiqui, S., Gerber, G., Budesa, Z., Vance, K., Goulka, J., Beletsky, L., Marotta, P., & Winograd, R. (2025). Overdose and overwork: First responder burnout and mental health help-seeking in Missouri\u2019s overdose crisis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 271, 112590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112590","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"9920","key":"1689_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61539-1","volume":"383","author":"MC Lai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014). Autism. The Lancet, 383(9920), 896\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61539-1","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1689_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221145783","volume":"27","author":"LF Lewis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lewis, L. F., & Stevens, K. (2023). The lived experience of meltdowns for autistic adults. Autism, 27(6), 1817\u20131825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221145783","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1108\/JIDOB-04-2020-0007","volume":"11","author":"AMA Love","year":"2020","unstructured":"Love, A. M. A., Railey, K. S., Phelps, M., Campbell, J. M., Cooley-Cook, H. A., & Taylor, R. L. (2020). Preliminary evidence for a training improving first responder knowledge and confidence to work with individuals with Autism. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 11(4), 211\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JIDOB-04-2020-0007","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour"},{"key":"1689_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116723","volume":"345","author":"EM Lowder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lowder, E. M., Grommon, E., Bailey, K., & Bradley, R. (2024). Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies: A pragmatic randomized effectiveness trial. Social Science & Medicine, 345, 116723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116723","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1689_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.10.009","volume":"31","author":"J McCarthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCarthy, J., Hemmings, C., Kravariti, E., Dworzynski, K., Holt, G., Bouras, N., & Tsakanikos, E. (2010). Challenging behavior and co-morbid psychopathology in adults with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 362\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.10.009","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"5","key":"1689_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3995","volume":"133","author":"BO McElhanon","year":"2014","unstructured":"McElhanon, B. O., McCracken, C., Karpen, S., & Sharp, W. G. (2014). Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 133(5), 872\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-3995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1689_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2013.08.003","volume":"23","author":"JJ McGonigle","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGonigle, J. J., Venkat, A., Beresford, C., Campbell, T. P., & Gabriels, R. L. (2014). Management of Agitation in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Emergency Department. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(1), 83\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2013.08.003","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics"},{"key":"1689_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107367","volume":"195","author":"B McManus","year":"2024","unstructured":"McManus, B., Kana, R., Rajpari, I., Holm, H. B., & Stavrinos, D. (2024). Risky driving behavior among individuals with autism, ADHD, and typically developing persons. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 195, 107367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107367","journal-title":"Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2017.31","volume":"35","author":"V Murphy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murphy, V., Kelleher, M. J., & Gulati, G. (2018). Letter to the editor. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(4), 345\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ipm.2017.31","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"1689_CR47","unstructured":"Perry, D. M., & Carter-Long, L. (2016). The Ruderman white paper on media coverage of law enforcement use and disability. The Ruderman Family Foundation, 1\u201345."},{"key":"1689_CR48","unstructured":"Project Lifesaver (2025). Project Lifesaver International. Project Lifesaver. https:\/\/projectlifesaver.org\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"1689_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12503","volume":"62","author":"C Rattaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rattaz, C., Michelon, C., Munir, K., & Baghdadli, A. (2018). Challenging behaviours at early adulthood in autism spectrum disorders: Topography, risk factors and evolution. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 62(7), 637\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12503","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR"},{"issue":"2","key":"1689_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2958-3","volume":"47","author":"J Rava","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rava, J., Shattuck, P., Rast, J., & Roux, A. (2017). The prevalence and correlates of involvement in the criminal justice system among youth on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(2), 340\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2958-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.824834","volume":"18","author":"S Richa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richa, S., Fahed, M., Khoury, E., & Mishara, B. (2014). Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 327\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2013.824834","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"1689_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.02.003","volume":"13","author":"AL Richdale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richdale, A. L., & Schreck, K. A. (2009). Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(6), 403\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.02.003","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"1689_CR53","first-page":"53","volume":"49","author":"MK Rivard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rivard, M. K., Cash, R. E., Woodyard, K. C., Crowe, R. P., & Panchal, A. R. (2020). Intentions and Motivations for Exiting the Emergency Medical Services Profession Differ Between Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics. Journal of Allied Health, 49(1), 53\u201359.","journal-title":"Journal of Allied Health"},{"key":"1689_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2019.01.002","volume":"64","author":"AC Salerno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salerno, A. C., & Schuller, R. A. (2019). A mixed-methods study of police experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder in Canada. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 64, 18\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2019.01.002","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"key":"1689_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaw, K. A. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1"},{"issue":"9","key":"1689_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000741","volume":"40","author":"N Soares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soares, N., White, K. E., Christensen, R. T., Christiansen, A., & Apple, R. (2019). Collaborating with families and law enforcement agencies to improve outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 40(9), 659\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000741","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390318794281","volume":"25","author":"S Spears","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spears, S., & McNeely, H. (2019). A Systematic Process for Selection of a Crisis Prevention\/De-Escalation Training Program in the Hospital Setting. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 25(4), 298\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1078390318794281","journal-title":"Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.02.002","volume":"6","author":"J Teagardin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teagardin, J., Dixon, D. R., Smith, M. N., & Granpeesheh, D. (2012). Randomized trial of law enforcement training on autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(3), 1113\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.02.002","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318760294","volume":"23","author":"A Tint","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tint, A., Palucka, A. M., Bradley, E., Weiss, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2019). Emergency service experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability. Autism, 23(3), 792\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361318760294","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"2","key":"1689_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000941","volume":"19","author":"G Vannucchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vannucchi, G., Masi, G., Toni, C., Dell\u2019Osso, L., Marazziti, D., & Perugi, G. (2014). Clinical features, developmental course, and psychiatric comorbidity of adult autism spectrum disorders. CNS Spectrums, 19(2), 157\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852913000941","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"issue":"3","key":"1689_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2957-4","volume":"47","author":"D Wachob","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wachob, D., & Pesci, L. J. (2017). Brief report: Knowledge and confidence of emergency medical service personnel involving treatment of an individual with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(3), 887\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2957-4","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"1689_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403413514439","volume":"26","author":"J Wareham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wareham, J., Smith, B. W., & Lambert, E. G. (2015). Rates and Patterns of Law Enforcement Turnover: A Research Note. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(4), 345\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0887403413514439","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Policy Review"},{"key":"1689_CR63","unstructured":"Watson, A. C., Compton, M. T., & Pope, L. G. (2019). Crisis Response Services for People with Mental Illnesses or Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature on Police-based and Other First Response Models (p. 80). Vera Institute of Justice. https:\/\/www.milwaukeemhtf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/crisis-response-services-for-people-with-mental-illnesses-or-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities.pdf"},{"key":"1689_CR64","unstructured":"WCVB Channel 5 Boston (Director) (2025). Mass. Officer leads autism training inspired by personal journey [Video recording]. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hhw5HMoYUDA"},{"key":"1689_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss, J. A., & Fardella, M. A. (2018). Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00203","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00203"},{"key":"1689_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paac117","volume":"17","author":"JM Wilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson, J. M., Grammich, C. A., Cherry, T., & Gibson, A. (2023). Police retention: A systematic review of the research. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 17, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/police\/paac117","journal-title":"Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice"},{"key":"1689_CR67","unstructured":"World Health Organization, & Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report. World Health Organization."},{"key":"1689_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalim, T., & Mohamed, S. (2023). Meltdown in Autism: Challenges and Support Needed for Parents of Children with Autism. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(1), 784-809. . https:\/\/ijarped.com\/index.php\/journal\/article\/view\/1424","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARPED\/v12-i1\/16184"},{"issue":"5","key":"1689_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","volume":"15","author":"J Zeidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 15(5), 778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2696","journal-title":"Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"}],"container-title":["Community Mental Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:02:11Z","timestamp":1784588531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["1689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-026-01689-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-3853","1573-2789"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-3853","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2789","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}