{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:15:03Z","timestamp":1772590503953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483056000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T03:08:19Z","timestamp":1483067299000},"page":"794-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Associated with Persistent Learning Impairments Despite Adequate Medical Treatment: A Multicenter, International Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Nardelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanath","family":"Allampati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliviero","family":"Riggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Gioia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Unser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie B.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Fagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Farcomeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith A.","family":"Gavis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmohan S.","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23216","volume":"50","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Wade JB, Sanyal AJ. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2009;50:2014\u20132021.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4425_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21533","volume":"45","author":"S Prasad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, et al. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2007;45:549\u2013559.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4425_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21593","volume":"15","author":"EU Sotil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sotil EU, Gottstein J, Ayala E, Randolph C, Blei AT. Impact of preoperative overt hepatic encephalopathy on neurocognitive function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:184\u2013192.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"4425_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9350-6","volume":"28","author":"L Chavarria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chavarria L, Cordoba J. Encephalopathy and liver transplantation. Metab Brain Dis. 2013;28:285\u2013292.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"4425_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23887","volume":"20","author":"AB Tryc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tryc AB, Pflugrad H, Goldbecker A, et al. Newonset cognitive dysfunction impairs the quality of life in patients after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:807\u2013814.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"4425_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.02.015","volume":"138","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Schubert CM, Heuman DM, et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:2332\u20132340.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4425_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.10.002","volume":"9","author":"O Riggio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riggio O, Ridola L, Pasquale C, et al. Evidence of persistent cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:181\u2013183.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4425_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.107","volume":"109","author":"S Umapathy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Umapathy S, Dhiman RK, Grover S, Duseja A, Chawla YK. Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1011\u20131019. doi: 10.1038\/ajg.2014.107 .","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4425_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9072-3","volume":"22","author":"RF Butterworth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butterworth RF. Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2007;22:309\u2013320.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"4425_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07186.x","volume":"27","author":"P Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma P, Sharma BC, Agrawal A, Sarin SK. Primary prophylaxis of overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: an open labeled randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus no lactulose. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:1329\u20131335.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4425_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.680913","volume":"26","author":"M Calamia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calamia M, Markon K, Tranel D. Scoring higher the second time around: meta-analyses of practice effects in neuropsychological assessment. Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26:543\u2013570.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4425_CR12","volume-title":"Practitioner\u2019s guide to evaluating change with neuropsychological assessment instruments","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCaffrey RJ, Duff K, Westervelt HJ, eds. Practitioner\u2019s guide to evaluating change with neuropsychological assessment instruments. New York, NY: Springer; 2000."},{"key":"4425_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.15.1.125.1914","volume":"15","author":"DB Cooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooper DB, Epker M, Lacritz L, et al. Effects of practice on category fluency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;15:125\u2013128.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4425_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01315.x","volume":"106","author":"E-L Helkala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Helkala E-L, Kivipelto M, Hallikainen M, et al. Usefulness of repeated presentation of mini-mental state examination as a diagnostic procedure\u2014a population-based study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106:341\u2013346.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"4425_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317507302448","volume":"22","author":"AE Zehnder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zehnder AE, Bl\u00e4si S, Berres M, Spiegel R, Monsch AU. Lack of practice effects on neuropsychological tests as early cognitive markers of Alzheimer disease? Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2007;22:416\u2013426.","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"4425_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27210","volume":"60","author":"H Vilstrup","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014;60:715\u2013735.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4425_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250","volume":"35","author":"P Ferenci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002;35:716\u2013721.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"4425_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.021","volume":"135","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Franco J, et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1591\u20131600.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4425_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024784327783","volume":"48","author":"MR Arguedas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arguedas MR, DeLawrence TG, McGuire BM. Influence of hepatic encephalopathy on health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48:1622\u20131626.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"4425_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02598.x","volume":"31","author":"F Moscucci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moscucci F, Nardelli S, Pentassuglio I, et al. Previous overt hepatic encephalopathy rather than minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients. Liver Int. 2011;31:1505\u20131510.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"4425_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1139","volume":"29","author":"A Rovira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rovira A, Alonso J, C\u00f3rdoba J. MR imaging findings in hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1612\u20131621.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4425_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24163","volume":"21","author":"V Ahluwalia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahluwalia V, Wade JB, Moeller FG, et al. The etiology of cirrhosis is a strong determinant of brain reserve: a multi-modal MR imaging study. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1123\u20131132. doi: 10.1002\/lt.24163 .","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"4425_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01861.x","volume":"103","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Hoffmann RG, Brasel KJ. Deleterious effect of cirrhosis on outcomes after motor vehicle crashes using the nationwide inpatient sample. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1674\u20131681.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4425_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.020","volume":"12","author":"E Nabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nabi E, Thacker LR, Wade JB, et al. Diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy without specialized tests. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1384\u20131389.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4425_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1395","volume":"159","author":"JM Gold","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gold JM, Goldberg RW, McNary SW, Dixon LB, Lehman AF. Cognitive correlates of job tenure among patients with severe mental illness. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1395\u20131402.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4425_CR26","first-page":"781","volume":"47","author":"M Versavel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Versavel M, van Laack D, Evertz C, Unger S, Meier F, Kuhlmann J. Test\u2013retest reliability and influence of practice effects on performance in a multi-user computerized psychometric test system for use in clinical pharmacological studies. Arzneimittelforschung. 1997;47:781\u2013786.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"4425_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040490501718","volume":"18","author":"S Lemay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lemay S, B\u00e9dard MA, Rouleau I, Tremblay PL. Practice effect and test\u2013retest reliability of attentional and executive tests in middle-aged to elderly subjects. Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;18:284\u2013302.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4425_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318209dd3a","volume":"19","author":"K Duff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duff K, Lyketsos CG, Beglinger LJ, et al. Practice effects predict cognitive outcome in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:932\u2013939.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"4425_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000208","volume":"29","author":"J Hassenstab","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassenstab J, Ruvolo D, Jasielec M, Xiong C, Grant E, Morris JC. Absence of practice effects in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropsychology. 2015;29:940\u2013948.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4425_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.836567","volume":"27","author":"MM Machulda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Machulda MM, Pankratz VS, Christianson TJ, et al. Practice effects and longitudinal cognitive change in normal aging vs. incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Clin Neuropsychol. 2013;27:1247\u20131264.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4425_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24517","volume":"22","author":"C Lucidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucidi C, Ginanni Corradini S, Abraldes JG, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy expands the predictivity of model for end-stage liver disease in liver transplant setting: evidence by means of 2 independent cohorts. Liver Transpl. 2016;22:1333\u20131342. doi: 10.1002\/lt.24517 .","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"4425_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22731","volume":"63","author":"B G\u00f6rg","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00f6rg B, Karababa A, Shafigullina A, Bidmon HJ, H\u00e4ussinger D. Ammonia-induced senescence in cultured rat astrocytes and in human cerebral cortex in hepatic encephalopathy. Glia. 2015;63:37\u201350.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"4425_CR33","first-page":"347","volume":"26","author":"E Matsusue","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsusue E, Kinoshita T, Ohama E, Ogawa T. Cerebral cortical and white matter lesions in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: MR-pathologic correlations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:347\u2013351.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"4425_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-006-9042-1","volume":"22","author":"DL Shawcross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shawcross DL, Wright G, Olde Damink SW, et al. Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2007;22:125\u2013138.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"4425_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90909-5","volume":"345","author":"G Pomier-Layrargues","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pomier-Layrargues G, Spahr L, Butterworth RF. Increased manganese concentrations in pallidum of cirrhotic patients. Lancet. 1995;345:735.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4425_CR36","first-page":"16","volume":"83","author":"L Zieve","year":"1974","unstructured":"Zieve L, Doizaki WM, Zieve J. Synergism between mercaptans and ammonia or fatty acids in the production of coma: a possible role for mercaptans in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma. J Lab Clin Med. 1974;83:16\u201328.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,25]],"date-time":"2017-06-25T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1498359798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4425-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]]}}}