{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:13:37Z","timestamp":1781666017605,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483920000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1483952556000},"page":"432-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prevalence and Predictors of Giardia in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Haley M.","family":"Zylberberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H. R.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Genta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lebwohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4447_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","volume":"14","author":"RD Adam","year":"2001","unstructured":"Adam RD. Biology of\u00a0Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:447\u2013475.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4447_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis762","volume":"55","author":"K Muhsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muhsen K, Levine MM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:S271\u2013S293.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR3","first-page":"15","volume":"64","author":"EJ Painter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Painter EJ, Gargano JW, Collier SA, Yoder JS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Giardiasis Surveillance: United States 2011\u20132012. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64:15\u201325.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/1040-840291046713","volume":"28","author":"S Lane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lane S, Lloyd D. Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2002;28:123\u2013147.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4447_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","volume":"17","author":"E Scallan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:7\u201315.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002858","volume":"140","author":"SA Collier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collier SA, Stockman LJ, Hicks LA. Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:2003\u20132013.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"4447_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(03)70028-5","volume":"57","author":"B Lebwohl","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lebwohl B, Deckelbaum RJ, Green PHR. Giardiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:906\u2013913.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"4447_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7833","volume":"315","author":"HL DuPont","year":"2016","unstructured":"DuPont HL. Persistent Diarrhea: a Clinical Review. Jama. 2016;315:2712\u20132723.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"4447_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.06.012","volume":"124","author":"PT Canteu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Canteu PT, Roy S, Lee B, et al. Study of nonoutbreak giardiasis: novel findings and implications for research. Am J Med. 2011;124:1175.e1\u20131175.e8.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"4447_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02089.x","volume":"15","author":"ME Hellard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Hogg GG, Fairley CK. Prevalence of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic individuals. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:290\u2013293.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4447_CR11","first-page":"373","volume":"29","author":"M Stolte","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stolte M, Vogele-Dirks H. Giardiasis: a simple diagnosis that is often delayed. Z Gastroenterol. 1991;29:373\u2013377.","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4447_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90171-0","volume":"95","author":"MF Carr Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carr MF Jr, Ma J, Green PH. Giardia\u00a0lamblia in patients undergoing endoscopy: lack of evidence for a role in nonulcer dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:972\u2013974.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4447_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"BW Furness","year":"2000","unstructured":"Furness BW, Beach MJ, Roberts JM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) giardiasis surveillance: United States 1992\u20131997. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2000;11:1\u201313.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR14","first-page":"9","volume":"54","author":"MC Hlavsa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hlavsa MC, Watson JC, Beach MJ. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) giardiasis surveillance: United States 1998\u20132002. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2005;54:9\u201316.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR15","first-page":"11","volume":"56","author":"JS Yoder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Beach MJ, Roberts JM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) giardiasis surveillance: United States 2003\u20132005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2007;56:11\u201318.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR16","first-page":"15","volume":"59","author":"JS Yoder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Harral C, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance: United States, 2006\u20132008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010;59:15\u201325.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR17","first-page":"13","volume":"61","author":"JS Yoder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Gargano JW, Wallace RM, Beach MJ. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) giardiasis surveillance: United States 2009\u20132010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012;61:13\u201323.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"4447_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91819-P","volume":"102","author":"MN Marsh","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine: a molecular and immunologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (\u2018celiac sprue\u2019). Gastroenterology. 1992;102:330\u2013354.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4447_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","volume":"20","author":"MF Dixon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, et al. Classification and grading of gastritis: the updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:1161\u20131181.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"4447_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000520","volume":"21","author":"K Turner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turner K, Genta RM, Sonnenberg A. Ethnic distribution of microscopic colitis in the United States. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:2634\u20132639.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.04.032","volume":"14","author":"A Krigel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krigel A, Turner KO, Makharia GK, Green PHR, Genta RM, Lebwohl B. Ethnic variations in duodenal villous atrophy consistent with celiac disease in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1105\u20131111.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4447_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-009-0047-1","volume":"9","author":"MN Elliott","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elliott MN, Morrison PA, Fremont A, et al. Using the Census Bureau\u2019s surname list to improve estimates of race\/ethnicity and associated disparities. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol. 2009;9:69\u201383.","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol"},{"key":"4447_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2008.00854.x","volume":"43","author":"MN Elliot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elliot MN, Fremont A, Morrision PA, et al. A new method for estimating race\/ethnicity and associated disparities where administrative records lack self-reported race\/ethnicity. Health Serv Res. 2008;43:1722\u20131736.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"4447_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders CL, Abel GA, El Turabi A, et al. Accuracy of routinely recorded ethnic group information compared with self-reported ethnicity: evidence from the English Cancer Patient Experience survey. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002882.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002882"},{"key":"4447_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt116","volume":"36","author":"R Mathur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathur R, Bhaskaran K, Chaturvedi N, et al. Completeness and usability of ethnicity data in UK-based primary care and hospital databases. J Public Health. 2014;36:684\u2013692.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"4447_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13273","volume":"42","author":"ET Jensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jensen ET, Shah ND, Hoffman K, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM, Dellon ES. Seasonal variation in detection of oesophageal eosiniphilia and eosinophilic oesphagitis. Alliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:461\u2013469.","journal-title":"Alliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4447_CR27","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. Census of Population and Housing, 2010. Prepared by Social Explorer. Accessed July 2016."},{"key":"4447_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-005-9016-3","volume":"82","author":"SA Hall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hall SA, Kaufman JS, Rickets TC. Defining urban and rural areas in US epidemiologic studies. J Urban Health Bull NY Acad Med. 2006;82:162\u2013174.","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull NY Acad Med"},{"key":"4447_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-41","volume":"10","author":"W Espelage","year":"2010","unstructured":"Espelage W, an der Heiden M, Stark K, Alpers K. Characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infections in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:41.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4447_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-72","volume":"5","author":"KB Laupland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laupland KB, Church DL. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:72.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR31","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe 2008","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2008","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe 2008. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2008."},{"key":"4447_CR32","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe 2010","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2010","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe 2010. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2010."},{"key":"4447_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit610","volume":"209","author":"H Bernin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernin H, Lotter H. Sex bias in the outcome of human tropical infectious diseases: influence of steroid hormones. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:S107\u2013S113.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ576","volume":"61","author":"H Humphreys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Humphreys H, Fitzpatick F, Harvey BJ. Gender differences in rates of carriage and bloodstream infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Are they real, do they matter and why? Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1708\u20131714.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000199","volume":"6","author":"O Neyrolles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Neyrolles O, Quintana-Murci L. Sexual inequality in tuberculosis. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000199.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4447_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu147","volume":"2014","author":"S Nhamoyebonde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nhamoyebonde S, Leslie A. Biological differences between the sexes and susceptibility to tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2014;2014:S100\u2013S106.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-88-6-801","volume":"88","author":"MJ Schmerin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schmerin MJ, Jones TC, Klein H. Giardiasis: association with homosexuality. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:801\u2013803.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4447_CR38","first-page":"654","volume":"82","author":"P Moolasart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moolasart P. Giardia lamblia in AIDS patients with diarrhea. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999;82:654\u2013659.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"4447_CR39","first-page":"1077","volume":"43","author":"A Esfandiari","year":"1997","unstructured":"Esfandiari A, Swartz J, Teklehaimanot S. Clustering of giardiosis among AIDS patients in Los Angeles County. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1997;43:1077\u20131083.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"4447_CR40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV at a glance [Internet]. Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention,\u00a0National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral hepatitis, sexual transmitted diseases and tuberculosis prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/statistics\/overview\/ataglance.html . Accessed July 2016."},{"key":"4447_CR41","first-page":"4","volume":"32","author":"D Zeyrek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeyrek D, Zeyrek F, Cakmak A, Cekin A. Association of Helicobacter pylori and giardiasis in children with recurrent abdominal pain. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2008;32:4\u20137.","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"key":"4447_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i18.2759","volume":"11","author":"ED Moreira Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moreira ED Jr, Nassri VB, Santos RS, Matos JF, de Carvalho WA, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and giardiasis: results from a study of surrogate markers for fecal exposure among children. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2759\u20132763.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4447_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001780","volume":"6","author":"J Ankarklev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ankarklev J, Hestvik E, Lebbad M, et al. Common coinfections of Giardia intestinalis and Helicobacter pylori in non-symptomatic ugandan children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1780.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.11.964","volume":"45","author":"C Doglioni","year":"1992","unstructured":"Doglioni C, De Boni M, Cielo R, et al. Gastric giardiasis. J Clin Pathol. 1992;45:964\u2013967.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4447_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.05.017","volume":"8","author":"Y Du","year":"2006","unstructured":"Du Y, Agnew A, Ye XP, Robinson PA, Forman D, et al. Helicobacter pylori and Schistosoma japonicum co-infection in a Chinese population: helminth infection alters humoral responses to H. pylori and serum pepsinogen I\/II ratio. Microbes Infect. 2006;8:52\u201360.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"4447_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21489","volume":"17","author":"PD Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins PD, Johnson LA, Luther J, Zhang M, Sauder KL, et al. Prior Helicobacter pylori infection ameliorates Salmonella typhimurium-induced colitis: mucosal crosstalk between stomach and distal intestine. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:1398\u20131408.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"4447_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709025062","volume":"32","author":"G Oberhuber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oberhuber G, Kastner N, Stolte M. Giardiasis: a histologic analysis of 567 cases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:48\u201351.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4447_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/003693308503000204","volume":"30","author":"J Gillon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gillon J. Clinical studies in adults presenting with giardiasis to a gastro-intestinal unit. Scott Med J. 1985;30:89\u201395.","journal-title":"Scott Med J"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T03:45:26Z","timestamp":1749872726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-016-4447-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]]}}}