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Dr. Boland has served as a consultant for Abbvie and has received research grants from Takeda and Janssen. Dr. Dulai has served as a consultant for Takeda and has received research grants from Takeda and Pfizer. Dr. Sandborn reports consulting fees from University of Western Ontario (owner of Robarts Clinical Trials, Inc), Abbvie, Akros Pharma, Allergan, Ambrx Inc., Amgen, Ardelyx, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Atlantic Pharmaceuticals, Avaxia, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Conatus, Cosmo Technologies, Escalier Biosciences, Ferring, Ferring Research Institute, Forward Pharma, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Immune Pharmaceuticals, Index Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Lilly, Medimmune, Mesoblast, Miraca Life Sciences, Nivalis Therapeutics, Novartis, Nutrition Science Partners, Oppilan Pharma, Otsuka, Palatin, Paul Hastings, Pfizer, Precision IBD, Progenity, Prometheus Laboratories, Qu Biologics, Regeneron, Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Robarts Clinical Trials, Salix, Seattle Genetics, Seres Therapeutics, Shire, Sigmoid Biotechnologies, Takeda, Theradiag, Theravance, Tigenix, Tillotts Pharma, UCB Pharma, Vascular Biogenics, Vivelix; research grants from Atlantic Healthcare Limited, Amgen, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Abbvie, Janssen, Takeda, Lilly, Celgene\/Receptos; payments for lectures\/speakers bureau from Abbvie, Janssen, Takeda; and holds stock\/stock options in Escalier Biosciences, Oppilan Pharma, Precision IBD, Progenity, Ritter Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Singh is supported by the American College of Gastroenterology and Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation, and has received research grants from Pfizer and AbbVie.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study, formal consent is not required. This study was approved by the UCSD Institutional Review Board (IRB #161914).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}