{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1786980918187,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]],"date-time":"2019-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T21:18:50Z","timestamp":1551475130000},"page":"2939-2944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association Between Cannabis Use and Complications Related to Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4046-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chimezie","family":"Mbachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Paintsil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setri","family":"Fugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Carlos","family":"Simons-Linares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palash","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Trick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Kotwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"5556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.07.012","volume":"5","author":"MD Kappelman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1424\u20131429.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5556_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.032","volume":"133","author":"JH Cho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cho JH, Weaver CT. The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1327\u20131339.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"5556_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.175","volume":"40","author":"JC Barrett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, et al. Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn\u2019s disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40:955.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"5556_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1168-0","volume":"131","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, McClair VL. Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Hum Genet. 2012;131:779\u2013789.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"5556_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.035","volume":"156","author":"A Weiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiss A, Friedenberg F. Patterns of cannabis use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population based analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:84\u201389.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5556_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1614783","volume":"376","author":"B Kilmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kilmer B. Recreational cannabis\u2014minimizing the health risks from legalization. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:705\u2013707.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5556_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20960","volume":"15","author":"MA Storr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Storr MA, Keenan CM, Zhang H, Patel KD, Makriyannis A, Sharkey KA. Activation of the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2) protects against experimental colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1678\u20131685.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"5556_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G364","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00407.2005","volume":"291","author":"ES Kimball","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kimball ES, Schneider CR, Wallace NH, Hornby PJ. Agonists of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 inhibit experimental colitis induced by oil of mustard and by dextran sulfate sodium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;291:G364\u2013G371.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"5556_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.11.005","volume":"258","author":"UP Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, Price RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-\/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;258:256\u2013267.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"5556_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.12.014","volume":"46","author":"F Montecucco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montecucco F, Lenglet S, Braunersreuther V, et al. CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation is cardioprotective in a mouse model of ischemia\/reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009;46:612\u2013620.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"5556_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.08.008","volume":"451","author":"P Mohnle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohnle P, Schutz SV, Schmidt M, et al. MicroRNA-665 is involved in the regulation of the expression of the cardioprotective cannabinoid receptor CB2 in patients with severe heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;451:516\u2013521.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"5556_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.03.014","volume":"92","author":"GD Duerr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duerr GD, Heinemann JC, Dunkel S, et al. Myocardial hypertrophy is associated with inflammation and activation of endocannabinoid system in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Life Sci. 2013;92:976\u2013983.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"5556_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24077","volume":"53","author":"J Tam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tam J, Liu J, Mukhopadhyay B, Cinar R, Godlewski G, Kunos G. Endocannabinoids in liver disease. Hepatology. 2011;53:346\u2013355.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"5556_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.07.008","volume":"44","author":"KA Jenkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkin KA, Verty AN, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Endocannabinoids and the renal proximal tubule: an emerging role in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;44:2028\u20132031.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"5556_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.012","volume":"26","author":"O Adegbala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adegbala O, Martin KD, Otuada D, Akinyemiju T. Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications in relation to carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26:217\u2013224.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"5556_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182900","volume":"12","author":"D Micic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Micic D, Gaetano JN, Rubin JN, et al. Factors associated with readmission to the hospital within 30\u00a0days in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0182900.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5556_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.10.019","volume":"25","author":"K Rumalla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rumalla K, Reddy AY, Mittal MK. Association of recreational marijuana use with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25:452\u2013460.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"5556_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176416","volume":"12","author":"AC Adejumo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adejumo AC, Alliu S, Ajayi TO, et al. Cannabis use is associated with reduced prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0176416.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5556_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005;43:1130\u20131139.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"5556_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46:399\u2013424.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"5556_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440982.79036.d6","volume":"20","author":"M Storr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Storr M, Devlin S, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, Andrews CN. Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:472\u2013480.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"5556_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000435851.94391.37","volume":"19","author":"J Ravikoff Allegretti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ravikoff Allegretti J, Courtwright A, Lucci M, Korzenik JR, Levine J. Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2809\u20132814.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"5556_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328349bb4c","volume":"23","author":"S Lal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lal S, Prasad N, Ryan M, et al. Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:891\u2013896.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5556_CR24","first-page":"455","volume":"13","author":"T Naftali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naftali T, Lev LB, Yablecovitch D, Half E, Konikoff FM. Treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease with cannabis: an observational study. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13:455\u2013458.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"5556_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","volume":"11","author":"T Naftali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Dotan I, Lansky EP, Sklerovsky Benjaminov F, Konikoff FM. Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1276\u20131280e1271.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T19:17:12Z","timestamp":1583003832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-019-05556-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}