{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:16:53Z","timestamp":1778278613349,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"NIDDK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DK94818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK94818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T21:22:57Z","timestamp":1612905777000},"page":"676-688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Performance of Serum-Based Scores for Identification of Mild Hepatic Steatosis in HBV Mono-infected and HBV\u2013HIV Co-infected Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard K.","family":"Sterling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy C.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandana","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Hinerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond T.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamta K.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M auricio","family":"Lisker-Melman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Ghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The HBV-HIV Cohort Study of the Hepatitis B Research Network","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"6860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Younossi Yet al Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases in the USA in the past three decades. Gut 2020;69:564\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813.\u00a0Epub 2019 Jul 31","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813"},{"key":"6860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","volume":"15","author":"Z Younossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M et al. Global burden of NAHEPATIC STEATOSIS and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15:11\u201320","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"6860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unalp-Arida A, Ruhl CE. Noninvasive fatty liver markers predict liver disease mortality in the U.S. population. Hepatology. 2016;63:1170\u201383.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28390"},{"key":"6860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2018.0040","volume":"25","author":"YB Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee YB, Ha Y, Chon YE et al. Association between hepatic steatosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25:52\u201364","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"6860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13536","volume":"32","author":"AW Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan AW, Wong GL, Chan HY et al. Concurrent fatty liver increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:667\u2013676","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"6860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2019.05.001","volume":"23","author":"I Suliman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suliman I, Abdelgelil N, Kassamali F, Hassanein TI. The effects of hepatic steatosis on the natural history of HBV infection. Clin Liver Dis. 2019;23:433\u2013450","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"6860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalili M, King W, Kleiner D, et al HBV-HIV Cohort Study of the Hepatitis B Research Network. Fatty Liver Disease in a Prospective North American Cohort of Adults with HIV and Hepatitis B Coinfection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 1:ciaa1303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1303. Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1303"},{"key":"6860_CR8","first-page":"1362A","volume":"70","author":"M Khalili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khalili M, King W, Kleiner D. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and its Clinical and Metabolic Correlates in a Prospective North American Cohort with HIV-HBV Coinfection on Combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy (cART). Hepatology. 2019;70:1362A\u20131363A","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2774-y","volume":"58","author":"FY Shi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shi FY, Jing L, Wenjun C et al. Fatty liver disease index: a simple screening tool to facilitate diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the Chinese population. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:3326\u20133334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-013-2774-y.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"6860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31938-6","volume":"6","author":"K Demir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Demir K, Akyuz F, Ozdil S et al. What is the reason of elevated alanine aminotransferase level in HBeAg negative patients with low viremia: NAFLD or chronic hepatitis? Ann Hepatol. 2007;6:92\u201396","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol."},{"key":"6860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.037","volume":"17","author":"ZP Fricker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fricker ZP, Pedley A, Massaro JM. Liver fat is associated with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in analysis of data from the Framingham heart study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:1157\u20131164","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"6860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2013.08.006","volume":"38","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, Wang J, Chen D. Simple steatosis is a more relevant source of serum inflammatory markers than omental adipose tissue. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2014;38:46\u201354","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol."},{"key":"6860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otgonsuren M, Estep MJ, Hossain N et al. Single non-invasive model to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAHEPATIC STEATOSIS) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29:2006\u201313","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12665"},{"key":"6860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13814","volume":"33","author":"L Svikl\u0101ne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Svikl\u0101ne L, Olmane E, Dz\u0113rve Z et al. Fatty liver index and hepatic steatosis index for prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 1 diabetes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:270\u2013276","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"6860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Kozakova M, H\u00f8jlund K et al RISC Investigators. Fatty liver is associated with insulin resistance, risk of coronary heart disease, and early atherosclerosis in a large European population. Hepatology. 2009;49:1537\u201344.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22845"},{"key":"6860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paris R, Giral P, Khan JF et al LIDO Study Group. Fatty liver is an independent predictor of early carotid atherosclerosis. J Hepatol. 2016;65:95\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.023"},{"key":"6860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakova M, Palombo C, Eng MP, et al RISC Investigators. Fatty liver index, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and early carotid plaques. Hepatology. 2012;55:1406\u201315.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25555"},{"key":"6860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24804","volume":"56","author":"KV Kowdley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kowdley KV, Wang CC, Welch S, Roberts H, Brosgart CL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology. 2012;56:422\u2013433","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6860_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization Hepatitis B Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b. Accessed November, 2020."},{"key":"6860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.023","volume":"51","author":"NF Schwenzer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwenzer NF, Springer F, Schraml C et al. Noninvasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. J Hepatol. 2009;51:433\u2013445","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"6860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bril F, Ortiz-Lopez C, Lomonaco R et al Clinical value of liver ultrasound for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight and obese patients. Liver Int. 2015;35:2139\u201346.","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12840"},{"key":"6860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paige JS, Bernstein GS, Heba E, et al A Pilot Comparative Study of Quantitative Ultrasound, Conventional Ultrasound, and MRI for Predicting Histology-Determined Steatosis Grade in Adult Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;208:W168-W177.","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16726"},{"key":"6860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui MS, Vuppalanchi R, Van Natta ML et al NASH Clinical Research Network. Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography to Assess Fibrosis and Steatosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:156\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.043"},{"key":"6860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091987","volume":"9","author":"T Karlas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karlas T, Petroff D, Garnov N et al. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD using controlled attenuation parameter and 1H-MR spectroscopy. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91987","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"6860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33","volume":"2","author":"G Bedogni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;2:33","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"6860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24356","volume":"54","author":"G Calori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calori G, Lattuada G, Ragogna F et al. Fatty liver index and mortality: the Cremona study in the 15th year of follow-up. Hepatology. 2011;54:145\u2013152","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"6860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.08.002","volume":"42","author":"JH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:503\u2013508","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"key":"6860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedogni G, Kahn, Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, A simple index of lipid over accumulation is a good marker of liver steatosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;25;10:98.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-10-98"},{"key":"6860_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0112","volume":"171","author":"DJ Cuthbertson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cuthbertson DJ, Weickert MO, Lythgoe D et al. External validation of the fatty liver index and lipid accumulation product indices, using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to identify hepatic steatosis in healthy controls and obese, insulin-resistant individuals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:561\u2013569","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"6860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9772-z","volume":"11","author":"C Stern","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stern C, Castera L. Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic steatosis. Hepatol Int. 2017;11:70\u201378","journal-title":"Hepatol Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"6860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12186","volume":"37","author":"D Festi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Festi D, Schiumerini R, Marzi L et al. Review article: the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014availability and accuracy of non-invasive methods. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:392\u2013400","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"6860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32875","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32875","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang G, Kang K, Wu G, Wang P. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of a new noninvasive index for hepatic steatosis in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32875","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"6860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0007-3","volume":"42","author":"GJ Ooi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ooi GJ, Earnest A, Kemp WW, Burton PR, Laurie C, Majeed A, Johnson N, McLean C, Roberts SK, Brown WA. Evaluating feasibility and accuracy of non-invasive tests for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severe and morbid obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42:1900\u20131911","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)."},{"key":"6860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedchuk L, Nascimbeni F, Pais R et al. LIDO Study Group. Performance and limitations of steatosis biomarkers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:1209\u201322.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12963"},{"key":"6860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.005","volume":"137","author":"A Kotronen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:865\u2013872","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"6860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlazlo N, van Greevenbroek MM, Ferreira I, Bravenboer B, Stehouwer CD. The diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:204\u20135; author reply205\u20136.)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04909.x"},{"key":"6860_CR37","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Simental-Mend\u00eda E, Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez H et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose as biomarker for screening simple steatosis and NASH in asymptomatic women. Ann Hepatol. 2016;15:715\u201320."},{"key":"6860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23859","volume":"52","author":"S Petta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petta S, Amato M, Cabibi D et al. Visceral adiposity index is associated with histological findings and high viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis C due to genotype 1. Hepatology. 2010;52:1543\u20131552","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25677","volume":"56","author":"G Musso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Musso G, Cassader M, Gambino R. Diagnostic accuracy of adipose insulin resistance index and visceral adiposity index for progressive liver histology and cardiovascular risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;56:788\u2013789","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M et al.; for the AlkaMeSy Study Group. Visceral adiposity index (VAI): a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:920\u2013922","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1825"},{"key":"6860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendia LE, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3347\u201351.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0288"},{"key":"6860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Wahed AS, King WC, et al. and the HBV-HIV Cohort Study of the Hepatitis B Research Network. Spectrum of Liver Disease in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Patients Co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Results of the HBV-HIV Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114:746\u2013757.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0409-9"},{"key":"6860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghany MG, Perrillo R, Li R et al. Hepatitis B Research Network; Hepatitis B Research Network. Characteristics of adults in the hepatitis B research network in North America reflect their country of origin and hepatitis B virus genotype. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:183\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.06.028"},{"key":"6860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Bisceglie AM, Lombardero M, Teckman et al. Research Network HBRN. Determination of hepatitis B phenotype using biochemical and serological markers. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24:320\u2013329.","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12643"},{"key":"6860_CR45","unstructured":"NIAAA. What is \"low-risk\" drinking? National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http:\/\/rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov\/IsYourDrinkingPatternRisky\/WhatsLowRiskDrinking.asp, Accessed July 15, 2016"},{"key":"6860_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306421","volume":"32","author":"DE Kleiner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kleiner DE, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathologic patterns and biopsy evaluation in clinical research. Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32:3\u201313","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"6860_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12282","volume":"34","author":"YE Chon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chon YE, Jung KS, Kim SU, Park JY, Park YN, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Chon CY, Lee HW, Park Y, Han KH. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for detection of hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic liver diseases: a prospective study of a native Korean population. Liver Int. 2014;34:102\u2013109","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"6860_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.03.013","volume":"49","author":"L Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu L, Lu W, Li P et al. A comparison of hepatic steatosis index, controlled attenuation parameter and ultrasound as noninvasive diagnostic tools for steatosis in chronic hepatitis B. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49:910\u2013917","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis."},{"key":"6860_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9401-4","volume":"7","author":"MA Borman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borman MA, Ladak F, Crotty P et al. The Fatty Liver Index has limited utility for the detection and quantification of hepatic steatosis in obese patients. Hepatol Int. 2013;7:592\u2013599","journal-title":"Hepatol Int."},{"key":"6860_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00006","volume":"137","author":"D Prati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:1\u201310","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T15:33:38Z","timestamp":1646062418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["6860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-021-06860-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Richard Sterling has received research grant from Abbott, AbbVie, Gilead, and Roche and serves on the data safety and monitoring board for Pfizer and Baxter. Mandana Khalili is a recipient of research grant (to her institution) from Gilead Sciences Inc. and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, and she has served as consultant for Gilead Sciences Inc. Raymond Chung has research grants (to institution) from Gilead, AbbVie, BMS, Merck, Boehringer, Roche, and Janssen. Mauricio Lisker-Melman serves on the speaker bureau for AbbVie, Gilead Sciences Inc., and SimplySpeaking. Mamta K. Jain has received research funding from Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline. She has served on the scientific advisory board for Gilead Sciences. David Wong, Wendy King, Marc Ghany, and David Kleiner do not have any disclosures relevant to this project.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The studies have been approved by the appropriate institutional and\/or national research ethics committee and have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}]}}