{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:04:44Z","timestamp":1780524284020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08-DK124577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-DK124577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01-CX-001933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01-CX-001933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01-CX-002010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01-CX-002010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T09:23:45Z","timestamp":1662715425000},"page":"1632-1640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Type of Infection Is Associated with Prognosis in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: A National Veterans Health Administration Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadim","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Rajender","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar H.","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","volume":"144","author":"R Moreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, Durand F et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013;144:e1429.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7680_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30494","volume":"69","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahmud N, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Incidence and mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure using two definitions in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 2019;69:2150\u20132163.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"7680_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.018","volume":"70","author":"R Hernaez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernaez R, Kramer JR, Liu Y et al. Prevalence and short-term mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a national cohort study from the USA. J Hepatol 2019;70:639\u2013647.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.019","volume":"74","author":"J Trebicka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trebicka J, Fernandez J, Papp M et al. PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021;74:1097\u20131108.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.046","volume":"74","author":"F Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong F, Piano S, Singh V et al. Clinical features and evolution of bacterial infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2021;74:330\u2013339.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13568","volume":"38","author":"MM M\u00fccke","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fccke MM, Rumyantseva T, M\u00fccke VT et al. Bacterial infection-triggered acute-on-chronic liver failure is associated with increased mortality. Liver Int 2018;38:645\u2013653.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"7680_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314240","volume":"67","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Acevedo J, Wiest R et al. Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis. Gut 2018;67:1870\u20131880.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"7680_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03572.x","volume":"27","author":"J Kramer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kramer J, Davila J, Miller E, Richardson P, Giordano T, El-Serag H. The validity of viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease diagnoses in Veterans Affairs administrative databases. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 2008;27:274\u2013282.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"7680_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.010","volume":"13","author":"DE Kaplan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaplan DE, Dai F, Aytaman A et al. Development and performance of an algorithm to estimate the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score from a national electronic healthcare database. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:e2336.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31012","volume":"72","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmud N, Sundaram V, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Grade 1 acute on chronic liver failure is a predictor for subsequent grade 3 failure. Hepatology 2020;72:230\u2013239.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"7680_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14328","volume":"40","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmud N, Hubbard RA, Kaplan DE, Taddei TH, Goldberg DS. Risk prediction scores for acute on chronic liver failure development and mortality. Liver Int 2020;40:1159\u20131167.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"7680_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.034","volume":"75","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahmud N, Chapin S, Goldberg DS, Reddy KR, Taddei TH, Kaplan DE. Statin exposure is associated with reduced development of acute on chronic liver failure in a veterans affairs cohort. J Hepatol 2022;75:1100\u20131108.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.07.056","volume":"149","author":"LA Beste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beste LA, Leipertz SL, Green PK, Dominitz JA, Ross D, Ioannou GN. Trends in burden of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by underlying liver disease in US veterans, 2001\u20132013. Gastroenterology 2015;149:e1475.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"7680_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2148","volume":"20","author":"VL Re III","year":"2011","unstructured":"Re VL III, Lim JK, Goetz MB et al. Validity of diagnostic codes and liver-related laboratory abnormalities to identify hepatic decompensation events in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011;20:689\u2013699.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"7680_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.012","volume":"61","author":"R Jalan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jalan R, Saliba F, Pavesi M et al. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2014;61:1038\u20131047.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.07.011","volume":"60","author":"S Schneeweiss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schneeweiss S, Robicsek A, Scranton R, Zuckerman D, Solomon DH. Veteran\u2019s affairs hospital discharge databases coded serious bacterial infections accurately. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:397\u2013409.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"321\u2013327","key":"7680_CR17","volume":"62","author":"NM Patkar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patkar NM, Curtis JR, Teng GG et al. Administrative codes combined with medical records based criteria accurately identified bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:e327.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"7680_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00211-3","volume":"11","author":"JA Dominitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dominitz JA, Maynard C, Boyko EJ. Assessment of vital status in Department of Veterans Affairs national databases: comparison with state death certificates. Ann Epidemiol 2001;11:286\u2013291.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"7680_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6607","volume":"34","author":"PC Austin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Austin PC, Stuart EA. Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies. Stat Med 2015;34:3661\u20133679.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"7680_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med 2009;28:3083\u20133107.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"7680_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(22)01854-2","volume":"77","author":"BP Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee BP, Cullaro G, Vosooghi A, Goldberg DS, Terrault NA, Mahmud N. Discordance in categorization of acute-on-chronic liver failure in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Hepatol 2022;77:769.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.027","volume":"70","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Prado V, Trebicka J et al. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe. J Hepatol 2019;70:398\u2013411.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"7680_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.005","volume":"156","author":"S Piano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piano S, Singh V, Caraceni P et al. Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology 2019;156:e1310.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T07:32:10Z","timestamp":1681371130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07680-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no additional disclosures or conflicts as relevant to this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}