{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:17:30Z","timestamp":1787066250681,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T22:33:41Z","timestamp":1735857221000},"page":"853-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Differentiates Infections from Sterile Inflammation in First Week of Acute Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Gauri","family":"Kumbhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reuben Thomas","family":"Kurien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebby George","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit Kumar","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Whitcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"DharChowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"8812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/360685","volume":"2012","author":"L Kyl\u00e4np\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyl\u00e4np\u00e4\u00e4 L, Rakonczay Z, O\u2019Reilly DA. The clinical course of acute pancreatitis and the inflammatory mediators that drive it. Int J Inflamm. 2012;2012:360685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/360685.","journal-title":"Int J Inflamm."},{"key":"8812_CR2","unstructured":"Chakraborty RK, Burns B. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed May 6, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK547669\/"},{"key":"8812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6447","volume":"96","author":"MG Besselink","year":"2009","unstructured":"Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Boermeester MA et al. Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96:267\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.6447.","journal-title":"Br J Surg."},{"key":"8812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182954","volume":"13","author":"T Janka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janka T, Tornai D, Papp M, Vit\u00e1lis Z. The value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to identify bacterial infection and predict short-term mortality in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis. Diagnostics. 2023;13:2954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13182954.","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"8812_CR5","unstructured":"Procalcitonin as a biomarker of infectious diseases-PubMed. Accessed March 31, 2024. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23682219\/"},{"key":"8812_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis."},{"key":"8812_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302779","volume":"62","author":"PA Banks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis\u20132012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62:102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302779.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"8812_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.152702","volume":"57","author":"BU Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu BU, Johannes RS, Sun X, Tabak Y, Conwell DL, Banks PA. The early prediction of mortality in acute pancreatitis: a large population-based study. Gut. 2008;57:1698\u20131703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2008.152702.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"8812_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505202","volume":"375","author":"CE Forsmark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forsmark CE, Swaroop Vege S, Wilcox CM. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1972\u20131981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1505202.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"8812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13879","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i38.13879","volume":"20","author":"E Zerem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zerem E. Treatment of severe acute pancreatitis and its complications. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2014;20:13879\u201313892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i38.13879.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol WJG."},{"key":"8812_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12161","volume":"28","author":"C Rao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rao C, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, Gupta R, Gautam V, Singh K. Implications of culture positivity in acute pancreatitis: does the source matter? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:887\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12161.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"8812_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41424-018-0056-x","volume":"9","author":"S Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain S, Mahapatra SJ, Gupta S, Shalimar, Garg PK. Infected pancreatic necrosis due to multidrug-resistant organisms and persistent organ failure predict mortality in acute pancreatitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2018;9:190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41424-018-0056-x.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol."},{"key":"8812_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.10.001","volume":"155","author":"MC van Baal","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Baal MC, Bollen TL, Bakker OJ et al. The role of routine fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery. 2014;155:442\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2013.10.001.","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"8812_CR14","unstructured":"CRE Technical Information, CRE, HAI, CDC. February 22, 2021. Accessed March 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/organisms\/cre\/technical-info.html"},{"key":"8812_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.017.011","volume":"17","author":"S Ghafourian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghafourian S, Sadeghifard N, Soheili S, Sekawi Z. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: definition, classification and epidemiology. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2015;17:11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21775\/cimb.017.011.","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol."},{"key":"8812_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"8812_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000331494","volume":"11","author":"B Azab","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azab B, Jaglall N, Atallah JP et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of adverse outcomes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2011;11:445\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000331494.","journal-title":"Pancreatology."},{"key":"8812_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i21.3883","volume":"23","author":"TJ Jeon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeon TJ, Park JY. Clinical significance of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an early predictive marker for adverse outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:3883\u20133889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v23.i21.3883.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"8812_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29782","author":"SA Halaseh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Halaseh SA, Kostalas M, Kopec C et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an early predictor of complication and mortality outcomes in individuals with acute pancreatitis at a UK district general hospital: a retrospective analysis. Cureus. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.29782.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"8812_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.17563","volume":"29","author":"K Kokulu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokulu K, G\u00fcnayd\u0131n YK, Ak\u0131ll\u0131 NB et al. Relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute pancreatitis and the severity and systemic complications of the disease. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2018;29:684\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/tjg.2018.17563.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"8812_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20184619","volume":"5","author":"NMS Bhanou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhanou NMS, Balachandran G, Jain NB. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in acute pancreatitis as an early predictor of severity and outcome. Int Surg J. 2018;5:3545\u20133548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20184619.","journal-title":"Int Surg J."},{"key":"8812_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2021\/51705.15729","author":"SV Vemparala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vemparala SV, Bhat AGK, Bhat NK, Hande MH. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as an early predictive marker for adverse outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2021\/51705.15729.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"8812_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9731854","volume":"2020","author":"W Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong W, He Y, Bao H, Zhang W, Wang X. Diagnostic value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Dis Markers. 2020;2020:e9731854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9731854.","journal-title":"Dis Markers."},{"key":"8812_CR24","first-page":"11","volume":"70","author":"V Jain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jain V, Nath P, Patro S. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of inflammation markers [Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Red cell Distribution Width (RDW), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Lymphocyte Monocyte Ratio (LMR)] for outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Assoc Phys India. 2022;70:11\u201312.","journal-title":"J Assoc Phys India."},{"key":"8812_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13325","volume":"33","author":"MM Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson MM, Gicking JC, Keys DA. Evaluation of red blood cell distribution width, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and other hematologic parameters in canine acute pancreatitis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2023;33:587\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vec.13325.","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care."},{"key":"8812_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-2904-5","volume":"29","author":"JL V\u00e9lez-P\u00e1ez","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez-P\u00e1ez JL, Tercero-Mart\u00ednez W, Jim\u00e9nez-Alulima G et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume in the diagnosis of bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. A preliminary analysis from Ecuador. Infez Med. 2021;29:530\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53854\/liim-2904-5.","journal-title":"Infez Med."},{"key":"8812_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32270-8","volume":"13","author":"I Beberashvili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beberashvili I, Omar MA, Nizri E, Stav K, Efrati S. Combined use of CRP with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in differentiating between infectious and noninfectious inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13:5463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32270-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"8812_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001847","volume":"32","author":"MR Marstrand-Joergensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Bertilsson S, Kalaitzakis E. Extrapancreatic infections are common in acute pancreatitis and they are related to organ failure: a population-based study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32:1293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001847.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"8812_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13131","volume":"9","author":"T Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni T, Wen Y, Zhao B et al. Characteristics and risk factors for extrapancreatic infection in patients with moderate or severe acute pancreatitis. Heliyon. 2023;9:e13131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13131.","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"8812_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000069146","volume":"3","author":"NP Bohidar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bohidar NP, Garg PK, Khanna S, Tandon RK. Incidence, etiology, and impact of fever in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatol Off J Int Assoc Pancreatol IAP Al. 2003;3:9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000069146.","journal-title":"Pancreatol Off J Int Assoc Pancreatol IAP Al."},{"key":"8812_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001019","volume":"47","author":"P Moka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moka P, Goswami P, Kapil A, Xess I, Sreenivas V, Saraya A. Impact of antibiotic-resistant bacterial and fungal infections in outcome of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2018;47:489\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001019.","journal-title":"Pancreas."},{"key":"8812_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044188","author":"D Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu D, Jia Y, Cai W et al. Impact of multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial bacteraemia on infected pancreatic necrosis patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1044188.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"8812_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00265-5","volume":"7","author":"X Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang X, Shi JY, Wang XY, Hu Y, Cui YF. The impacts of infectious complications on outcomes in acute pancreatitis: a retrospective study. Mil Med Res. 2020;7:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-020-00265-5.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res."}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T13:40:45Z","timestamp":1739972445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["8812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08812-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4721339\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board approved the study (IRB Approval Number 15760).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}