{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:52:03Z","timestamp":1787615523411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:48:53Z","timestamp":1759740533000},"page":"822-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inequalities in Gastrointestinal Care Provision in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Hareesha Rishab","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dushyant Singh","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyal","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhtasim","family":"Fuad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadeep","family":"Dhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balamrit Singh","family":"Sokhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thai Hau","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyad","family":"Gadour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Gohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9432_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.117598","volume":"56","author":"JG Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams JG, Roberts SE, Ali MF, Cheung WY, Cohen DR, Demery G, Edwards A, Greer M, Hellier MD, Hutchings HA, Ip B. Gastroenterology services in the UK: the burden of disease, and the organisation and delivery of services for gastrointestinal and liver disorders: a review of the evidence. Gut. 2007;56:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"9432_CR2","unstructured":"UK Government. Health inequalities in liver disease and liver cancer. House of Commons, editor. House of Commons Library. UK Government; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CDP-2024-0070\/CDP-2024-0070.pdf#:~:text"},{"key":"9432_CR3","unstructured":"Department of Health Northern Ireland. Health inequalities Annual Report 2020. UK Government; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.health-ni.gov.uk\/publications\/health-inequalities-annual-report-2020"},{"key":"9432_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00100-5","volume":"7","author":"JB Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore JB. COVID-19, childhood obesity, and MASLD: colliding pandemics. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2022;7:499\u2013501.","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology."},{"key":"9432_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.036","volume":"69","author":"C Estes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, Bantel H, Bellentani S, Caballeria J, Colombo M, Craxi A, Crespo J, Day CP, Eguchi Y. Modeling nafld disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016\u20132030. Journal of hepatology. 2018;69:896\u2013904.","journal-title":"Journal of hepatology."},{"key":"#cr-split#-9432_CR6.1","unstructured":"NHS Digital. Health Survey for England, 2022 Part 2 [Internet]. NHS Digital. National Health Service UK"},{"key":"#cr-split#-9432_CR6.2","unstructured":"2022 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/health-survey-for-england\/2022-part-2\/adult-overweight-and-obesity"},{"key":"9432_CR7","unstructured":"Liver cancer incidence statistics. Cancer Research UK. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/liver-cancer\/incidence#heading-Five"},{"key":"9432_CR8","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. Bowel cancer statistics. Cancer Research UK. CRUK; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/bowel-cancer#heading-Zero"},{"key":"9432_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi218","volume":"162","author":"AC Ford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ford AC, Forman D, Reynolds PD, Cooper BT, Moayyedi P. Ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status as risk factors for esophagitis and Barrett\u2019s esophagus. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2005;162:454\u2013460.","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology."},{"key":"9432_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae082","volume":"18","author":"B Caron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caron B, Honap S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease across the ages in the era of advanced therapies. Journal of Crohn\u2019s and Colitis. 2024;18:ii3-15.","journal-title":"Journal of Crohn\u2019s and Colitis."},{"key":"9432_CR11","first-page":"281","volume":"19","author":"ML Borum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Borum ML. Racial and ethnic disparities in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023;19:281.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology."},{"key":"9432_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15682","volume":"23","author":"HK Sekhon Inderjit Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sekhon Inderjit Singh HK, Lal N, Majeed A, Pawa N. Ethnic disparities in the uptake of colorectal cancer screening: an analysis of the West London population. Colorectal Disease. 2021;23:1804\u20131813.","journal-title":"Colorectal Disease."},{"key":"9432_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdad179","volume":"45","author":"A Creavin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Creavin A, Creavin S, Kenward C, Sterne J, Williams J. Inequality in uptake of bowel cancer screening by deprivation, ethnicity and smoking status: cross-sectional study in 86 850 citizens. Journal of Public Health. 2023;45:904\u2013911.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health."},{"key":"9432_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141320916206","volume":"28","author":"N Lal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lal N, Singh HK, Majeed A, Pawa N. The impact of socioeconomic deprivation on the uptake of colorectal cancer screening in London. Journal of Medical Screening. 2021;28:114\u2013121.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Screening."},{"key":"9432_CR15","unstructured":"Statistics about liver cancer. Liver Cancer UK. Available from: https:\/\/livercanceruk.org\/liver-cancer-information\/statistics\/"},{"key":"9432_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00530-2","volume":"25","author":"T Rashid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rashid T, Bennett JE, Muller DC, Cross AJ, Pearson-Stuttard J, Asaria P, Daby HI, Fecht D, Davies B, Ezzati M. Mortality from leading cancers in districts of England from 2002 to 2019: a population-based, spatiotemporal study. The Lancet Oncology. 2024;25:86\u201398.","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology."},{"key":"9432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2022-102157","volume":"13","author":"S Ravindran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ravindran S, Thomas-Gibson S, Bano M, Robinson E, Jenkins A, Marshall S, Ashrafian H, Darzi A, Coleman M, Healey C. National census of UK endoscopy services 2021. Frontline Gastroenterology. 2022;13:463\u2013470.","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterology."},{"key":"9432_CR18","unstructured":"Clover B. Record waits for endoscopy as referrals soar. Health Service Journal. 2023 [cited 2025 Apr 17]."},{"key":"9432_CR19","unstructured":"Renzi C. Opportunities for reducing emergency diagnosis of colon and rectal cancers along the diagnostic pathways (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine)."},{"key":"9432_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPhail S, Swann R, Johnson SA, Barclay ME, Abd Elkader H, Alvi R, et al. Risk factors and prognostic implications of diagnosis of cancer within 30 days after an emergency hospital admission (emergency presentation): an International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP) population-based study. The Lancet Oncology. 2022;23.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00127-9"},{"key":"9432_CR21","first-page":"188","volume":"107","author":"J Banks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Banks J, Rashid A, Wilson TR, Challand CP, Lee MJ. Process and outcome differences in the care of patients undergoing elective and emergency right hemicolectomy. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2025;107:188\u2013193.","journal-title":"The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England."},{"key":"9432_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarvis H, Worsfold J, Hebditch V, Ryder S. Engagement with community liver disease management across the UK: a cross-sectional survey. BJGP open. 2021;5.","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0085"},{"key":"9432_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.129","volume":"116","author":"SC Benton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benton SC, Butler P, Allen K, Chesters M, Rickard S, Stanley S, Roope R, Vulkan D, Duffy SW. GP participation in increasing uptake in a national bowel cancer screening programme: the PEARL project. British Journal of Cancer. 2017;116:1551\u20131557.","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer."},{"key":"9432_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-025-00126-5","volume":"3","author":"C Mysko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mysko C, Landi S, Purssell H, Allen AJ, Prince M, Lindsay G, Rodrigues S, Irvine J, Street O, Gahloth D, MacLennan S. Health inequalities in hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in the United Kingdom: a scoping review. BJC Reports. 2025;3:13.","journal-title":"BJC Reports."},{"key":"9432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.250","volume":"115","author":"C Renzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Renzi C, Lyratzopoulos G, Card T, Chu TP, Macleod U, Rachet B. Do colorectal cancer patients diagnosed as an emergency differ from non-emergency patients in their consultation patterns and symptoms? A longitudinal data-linkage study in England. British Journal of Cancer. 2016;115:866\u2013875.","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer."},{"key":"9432_CR26","unstructured":"Workforce Reports. www.bsg.org.uk. Available from: https:\/\/www.bsg.org.uk\/workforce-reports"},{"key":"9432_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32396-5","volume":"397","author":"R Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams R, Alessi C, Alexander G, Allison M, Aspinall R, Batterham RL, Bhala N, Day N, Dhawan A, Drummond C, Ferguson J. New dimensions for hospital services and early detection of disease: a review from the Lancet Commission into liver disease in the UK. The Lancet. 2021;397:1770\u20131780.","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"key":"9432_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31208-X","volume":"392","author":"AT George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George AT, Aggarwal S, Dharmavaram S, Menon A, Dube M, Vogler M, Foden P, Field A. Regional variations in UK colorectal cancer screening and mortality. The Lancet. 2018;392:277\u2013278.","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"key":"9432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i12.2077","volume":"15","author":"S Jose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jose S, Zalin-Miller A, Knott C, Paley L, Tataru D, Morement H, Toledano MB, Khan SA. Cohort study to assess geographical variation in cholangiocarcinoma treatment in England. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2023;15:2077.","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology."},{"key":"9432_CR30","unstructured":"Workforce Reports. Available from: https:\/\/www.bsg.org.uk\/workforce-reports"},{"key":"9432_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00103-6","volume":"8","author":"A Veitch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Veitch A. Equality, diversity, and inclusion in UK gastroenterology. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023;8:504.","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology."},{"key":"9432_CR32","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians. Our approach to improving diversity and inclusion. Royal College of Physicians; 2020 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rcp.ac.uk\/media\/u4zh5t52\/rcp-approach-to-improving-diversity-and-inclusion_2nd-year-report_0.pdf"},{"key":"9432_CR33","unstructured":"British Society of Gastroenterology. BSG equality diversity and inclusion strategy. 2023 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bsg.org.uk\/getattachment\/4cbb7d43-4661-4758-895d-ab6248c1bd79\/BSG-Diversity-Strategy-Document-May-2023-v1_3.pdf"},{"key":"9432_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00431-9","volume":"8","author":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Tackling the burden of digestive disorders in Europe. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023;8:95.","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology."},{"key":"9432_CR35","unstructured":"House of Commons Library. Health inequalities in liver disease and liver cancer. UK Parliament. House of Commons UK; [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CDP-2024-0070\/CDP-2024-0070.pdf#:~:text=The%20Office%20for%20Health%20Improvement,24"},{"key":"9432_CR36","unstructured":"OBE JK. The Khan review making smoking obsolete. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities 2022;25."},{"key":"9432_CR37","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. Major conditions strategy: case for change and our strategic framework. GOV.UK. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/major-conditions-strategy-case-for-change-and-our-strategic-framework\/major-conditions-strategy-case-for-change-and-our-strategic-framework--2"},{"key":"9432_CR38","unstructured":"Blythe N, Ross S. Strategies to reduce waiting times for elective care. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/assets.kingsfund.org.uk\/f\/256914\/x\/43ac620e93\/strategies_reduce_waiting_times_2022.pdf"},{"key":"9432_CR39","unstructured":"British Liver Trust. Liver disease in numbers\u2014key facts and statistics. British Liver Trust. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/britishlivertrust.org.uk\/information-and-support\/statistics\/"},{"key":"9432_CR40","unstructured":"NHS England NHS set to eliminate Hepatitis C ahead of rest of the world. Available from: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/2022\/12\/nhs-set-to-eliminate-hepatitis-c-ahead-of-rest-of-the-world\/"},{"key":"9432_CR41","unstructured":"Iacobucci G. Minimum unit pricing in Scotland is associated with 13% fall in alcohol deaths, study finds."},{"key":"9432_CR42","unstructured":"Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) Continuation and future pricing: Fairer Scotland Duty Assessment. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/minimum-unit-pricing-mup-continuation-future-pricing-fairer-scotland-duty-assessment\/"},{"key":"9432_CR43","unstructured":"NHS England. NHS England Community diagnostic centres. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/long-read\/community-diagnostic-centres\/"},{"key":"9432_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606243","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1606243","volume":"23","author":"A Wale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wale A, Okolie C, Everitt J, Hookway A, Shaw H, Little K, Lewis R, Cooper A, Edwards A. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community diagnostic centres: a rapid review. International Journal of Public Health. 2024;23:1606243.","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health."}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:10:58Z","timestamp":1773292258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-025-09432-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No ethics approval needed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}