{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:32:55Z","timestamp":1786116775526,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T19:57:43Z","timestamp":1770407863000},"page":"3127-3136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Chuanyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.269","volume":"156","author":"G Trikudanathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trikudanathan G, Wolbrink DRJ, van Santvoort HC et al. Current Concepts in Severe Acute and Necrotizing Pancreatitis: An Evidence-Based Approach. Gastroenterology 2019;156:1994-2007.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.269.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9722_CR2","first-page":"171","volume":"40","author":"S Bei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bei S, Guanqun L. Progress and prospect of clinical research on acute pancreatitis. Chin J Pract Surg 2020;40:171\u2013159.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.010","volume":"139","author":"MS Petrov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petrov MS, Shanbhag S, Chakraborty M et al. Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:813\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.010.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2020.08.009","volume":"20","author":"A Demcs\u00e1k","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demcs\u00e1k A, So\u00f3s A, Kincses L et al. Acid suppression therapy, gastrointestinal bleeding and infection in acute pancreatitis\u2014An international cohort study. Pancreatology 2020;20:1323\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pan.2020.08.009.","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"9722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841x.2019.1621795","volume":"45","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Huang L, Luo M et al. Bacterial translocation in acute pancreatitis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019;45:539\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1040841x.2019.1621795.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.20","volume":"4","author":"A Lanas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lanas A, Dumonceau JM, Hunt RH et al. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018;4:18020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2018.20.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"9722_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12206","volume":"16","author":"XB Zhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhan XB, Guo XR, Yang J et al. Prevalence and risk factors for clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Dig Dis 2015;16:37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-2980.12206.","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"9722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i9.2651","author":"S-C Dang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dang S-C. Are gastric mucosal macrophages responsible for gastric injury in acute pancreatitis? World J Gastroenterol. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i9.2651.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6073","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S436511","volume":"16","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Xu C, Xu H et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals roles of fibroblasts during intestinal injury and repair in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. J Inflam Res 2023;16:6073\u20136086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.S436511.","journal-title":"J Inflam Res"},{"key":"9722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115667-20201014-00168","volume":"20","author":"W You","year":"2020","unstructured":"You W, Yanbo Z, Yiqi D. Research progress on the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic complications in severe acute pancreatitis. Chin J Pancreatol 2020;20:396\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115667-20201014-00168.","journal-title":"Chin J Pancreatol"},{"key":"9722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0158-2","volume":"16","author":"PJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee PJ, Papachristou GI. New insights into acute pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:479\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0158-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102920","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhang L, Shi J et al. Macrophage phenotypic switch orchestrates the inflammation and repair\/regeneration following acute pancreatitis injury. EBioMedicine. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102920.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"9722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.904078","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu D, Wen L, Wang Z et al. The mechanism of lung and intestinal injury in acute pancreatitis: a review. Front Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.904078.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"9722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.051","volume":"348","author":"K Magierowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magierowska K, Korbut E, W\u00f3jcik-Grzybek D et al. Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donors versus acute oxidative gastric mucosal injury. J Control Release 2022;348:321\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.051.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"9722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110770","author":"P Ge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ge P, Luo Y, Okoye CS et al. Intestinal barrier damage, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and acute lung injury: a troublesome trio for acute pancreatitis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110770.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"9722_CR16","first-page":"349","volume":"17","author":"R Tian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tian R, Tan JT, Wang RL et al. The role of intestinal mucosa oxidative stress in gut barrier dysfunction of severe acute pancreatitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013;17:349\u2013355.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"9722_CR17","unstructured":"Protective Effect and Mechnism of Rheum officinale Bail on Stress related Mucosal disease. 2022."},{"key":"9722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113884-20211124-00386","volume":"28","author":"M Shangxian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shangxian M, Fengxian W, Jianxiong W et al. Research progress on mechanism of intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier injury associated with severe acute pancreatitis. Chin J Hepatobiliary Surg 2022;28:313\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn113884-20211124-00386.","journal-title":"Chin J Hepatobiliary Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.038","volume":"124","author":"KR Groschwitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groschwitz KR, Hogan SP. Intestinal barrier function: Molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.038.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20212191","volume":"27","author":"H Ming","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ming H, Jun Z, Ting L. Mechanism of Chinese medicine against intestinal mucosal barrier injury in acute pancreatitis: a review. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae 2021;27:232\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20212191.","journal-title":"Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae"},{"key":"9722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02132-0","volume":"48","author":"D Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang D, Li J, Zhao L et al. Mitochondrial DNA leakage promotes persistent pancreatic acinar cell injury in acute pancreatitis via the cGAS-STING-NF-\u03baB pathway. Inflammation 2025;48:1420\u20131437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-024-02132-0.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"9722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202108024","volume":"33","author":"T Yishuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yishuang T, Jing K, Bingduo Z et al. The role of intestinal microbiota in the progression of severe acute pancreatitis and its potential therapeutic implications. Chin J Microecol 2021;33:980\u2013984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202108024.","journal-title":"Chin J Microecol"},{"key":"9722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00059-19","author":"J Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng J, Lou L, Fan J et al. Commensal Escherichia coli aggravates acute necrotizing pancreatitis through targeting of intestinal epithelial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00059-19.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1770042","volume":"11","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, He C, Li N et al. The interplay between the gut microbiota and NLRP3 activation affects the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice. Gut Microbes 2020;11:1774\u20131789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2020.1770042.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"9722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628482312021","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231202133","volume":"16","author":"L Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu L, Hu J, Yi X et al. Gut microbiota interacts with inflammatory responses in acute pancreatitis. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2023;16:17562848231202132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562848231202133.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S448819","volume":"17","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Wang Z, Cao Y et al. Intestinal mucosal immune barrier: a powerful firewall against severe acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury via the gut-lung axis. J Inflam Res 2024;17:2173\u20132193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.S448819.","journal-title":"J Inflam Res"},{"key":"9722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.978190","author":"R Qiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiang R, Li Y, Dai X et al. NLRP3 inflammasome in digestive diseases: From mechanism to therapy. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.978190.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115667-20211107-00201","volume":"23","author":"X Wenhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wenhan X, Zhiyang X, Xiaoming Z. Research progress on the mechanism of microcirculation disorder in acute pancreatitis. Chin J Pancreatol 2023;23:146\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115667-20211107-00201.","journal-title":"Chin J Pancreatol"},{"key":"9722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-025-01227-6","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Wen H, Liu J et al. The glycocalyx: a key target for treatment of severe acute pancreatitis-associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Hum Cell. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13577-025-01227-6.","journal-title":"Hum Cell"},{"key":"9722_CR30","unstructured":"Xiaohong W. A Study on the Barrier and Immune Alterations in Stress Related Gastric Mucosal Disease of Critical Patients [D]; ShanDong University, 2019."},{"key":"9722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990414","volume":"20","author":"ZZ Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo ZZ, Wang P, Yi ZH et al. The crosstalk between gut inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders during acute pancreatitis. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:1051\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/13816128113199990414.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"9722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1949.2015.09.001","volume":"9","author":"Y Xuezhong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xuezhong Y, Shubin G, Rongbin Z et al. Expert consensus on acute gastric mucosal lesions in China. Chin J Crit Care Med 2015;9:769\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1949.2015.09.001.","journal-title":"Chin J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9722_CR33","first-page":"833","volume":"21","author":"Z Shengbin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shengbin Z, Yongsheng Z, Yangde Z. Etiology and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. China J Mod Med 2011;21:833.","journal-title":"China J Mod Med"},{"key":"9722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111850","volume":"141","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Mei Q, Fu Y et al. Alteration of gut microbiota in acute pancreatitis and associated therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;141:111850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111850.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"9722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073433","author":"EC Nista","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nista EC, Parello S, Brigida M et al. Exploring the role of gut microbiota and probiotics in acute pancreatitis: a comprehensive review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26073433.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9722_CR36","first-page":"573","volume":"37","author":"L Bowen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bowen L, Fei X, Wei D et al. Research progress on the role of gut microbiota in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg 2025;37:573\u2013577.","journal-title":"J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i18.2187","volume":"26","author":"XY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li XY, He C, Zhu Y et al. Role of gut microbiota on intestinal barrier function in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:2187\u20132193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v26.i18.2187.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"9722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.235","volume":"12","author":"M Bardou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bardou M, Quenot JP, Barkun A. Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.235.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"9722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115610-20231011-00141","volume":"22","author":"W Yinshan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yinshan W, Feng G. Management strategies for bleeding complications of severe acute pancreatitis. Chin J Dig Surg 2023;22:1295\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115610-20231011-00141.","journal-title":"Chin J Dig Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112139-20230318-00111","volume":"61","author":"C Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng C, Jiongdi L, Ang L et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with colon complications after necrotizing pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study. Chin J Surg 2023;61:567\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112139-20230318-00111.","journal-title":"Chin J Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.19538\/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2024.05.12","volume":"44","author":"C Fen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fen C, Jiongdi L, Fei L. Diagnosis and treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis complicated with abdominal and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Chin J Pract Surg 2024;44:541\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19538\/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2024.05.12.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315335","volume":"68","author":"JY Bang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bang JY, Navaneethan U, Hasan MK et al. Non-superiority of lumen-apposing metal stents over plastic stents for drainage of walled-off necrosis in a randomised trial. Gut 2019;68:1200\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315335.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"9722_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.03.002","volume":"28","author":"P Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu P, Gong J. Hemosuccus pancreaticus: a mini-review. Ann Med Surg 2018;28:45\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.03.002.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197001000-00009","volume":"171","author":"P Sandblom","year":"1970","unstructured":"Sandblom P. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage through the pancreatic duct. Ann Surg 1970;171:61\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000658-197001000-00009.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096211070388","author":"ZI Tarar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarar ZI, Khan HA, Inayat F et al. Hemosuccus pancreaticus: a comprehensive review of presentation patterns, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes. J Invest Med High Impact Case Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23247096211070388.","journal-title":"J Invest Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"9722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1097\/mpa.0000000000001278","volume":"48","author":"N Ru","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ru N, Zou WB, Qian YY et al. A systematic review of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hemosuccus pancreaticus. Pancreas 2019;48:e47\u2013e49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mpa.0000000000001278.","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"9722_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3785","volume":"10","author":"F Inayat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inayat F, Ali NS, Khan M et al. Hemosuccus pancreaticus: a great masquerader in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cureus 2018;10:e3785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.3785.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"9722_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115807-20240227-00057","author":"C Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye C, Binru Z, Hua C et al. Progress in diagnosis and treatment of haemosuccus pancreaticus. Chin J Endocrine Surg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115807-20240227-00057.","journal-title":"Chin J Endocrine Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7659\/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.09.010","author":"W Jian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jian W, Chengguo W, Liliang H et al. An analysis of the clinical characteristics of 333 cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus reported in the literature from 1977 to 2021. China J Gen Surg. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7659\/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.09.010.","journal-title":"China J Gen Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9307-x","volume":"52","author":"S K\u00f6kl\u00fc","year":"2007","unstructured":"K\u00f6kl\u00fc S, \u00c7oban \u015e, Y\u00fcksel O et al. Left-sided portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:1141\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-006-9307-x.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"9722_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-016-1420-z","volume":"186","author":"W El Kininy","year":"2017","unstructured":"El Kininy W, Kearney L, Hosam N et al. Recurrent variceal haemorrhage managed with splenic vein stenting. Ir J Med Sci 2017;186:323\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-016-1420-z.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"9722_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.16016\/j.1000-5404.201908033","volume":"41","author":"T Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang T, Qiu Q, Fumin X et al. Clinical characteristics of regional portal hypertension in 3576 patients: a systematic analysis. J Army Med Univ 2019;41:2217\u20132222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16016\/j.1000-5404.201908033.","journal-title":"J Army Med Univ"},{"key":"9722_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.7507\/1007-9424.202204046","volume":"29","author":"R Jiaqiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiaqiang R, Shuai W, Liang H et al. Progress in the treatment of pancreatic sinistral portal hypertension. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg 2022;29:992\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7507\/1007-9424.202204046.","journal-title":"Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/mpa.0000000000001242","volume":"48","author":"X Chaolian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaolian X, Changqiang W, Yong C et al. Sinistral portal hypertension in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2019;48:187\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mpa.0000000000001242.","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"9722_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5969","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.916192","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Yang Z, Tian F. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for sinistral portal hypertension associated with moderate and severe acute pancreatitis: a seven-year single-center retrospective study. Med Sci Monit 2019;25:5969\u20135976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/msm.916192.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"9722_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.11952\/j.issn.1007-1954.2022.08.014","volume":"34","author":"X Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan X, Yuanjun L, Yakun W et al. Research status and progress of vascular complications combined with severe acute pancreatitis. J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg 2022;34:508\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11952\/j.issn.1007-1954.2022.08.014.","journal-title":"J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1223","volume":"13","author":"PR Junare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Junare PR, Udgirkar S, Nair S et al. Splanchnic venous thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: does anticoagulation affect outcome? Gastroenterol Res 2020;13:25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14740\/gr1223.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"key":"9722_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-8982.2018.03.025","volume":"28","author":"H Jianfang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jianfang H, Wei D, Weiguo S. Clinical analysis of 12 cases of pancreatic portal hypertension complicated with gastrointestinal bleeding. China J Mod Med 2018;28:124\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1005-8982.2018.03.025.","journal-title":"China J Mod Med"},{"key":"9722_CR59","first-page":"1250","volume":"29","author":"W Xiaobing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiaobing W, Qingsong M, Jianping G. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic portal hypertension. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg 2022;29:1250\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170076","author":"JR Wortman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wortman JR, Landman W, Fulwadhva UP et al. CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: what the radiologist needs to know. Br J Radiol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20170076.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"9722_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography8050198","volume":"8","author":"M Di Serafino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Serafino M, Iacobellis F, Schillir\u00f2 ML et al. The role of CT-angiography in the acute gastrointestinal bleeding: a pictorial essay of active and obscure findings. Tomography 2022;8:2369\u20132402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tomography8050198.","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"9722_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v11.i2.68","volume":"11","author":"K Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung K, Moon W. Role of endoscopy in acute gastrointestinal bleeding in real clinical practice: an evidence-based review. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2019;11:68\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4253\/wjge.v11.i2.68.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"9722_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l536","volume":"364","author":"AJ Stanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stanley AJ, Laine L. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bmj 2019;364:l536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l536.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"9722_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.09.010","volume":"135","author":"K Clarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clarke K, Adler N, Agrawal D et al. Indications for the use of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis and peptic ulcer bleeding in hospitalized patients. Am J Med 2022;135:313\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.09.010.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"9722_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18442","volume":"93","author":"TM Wilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson TM, Daneshmand A, Parys S et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a review of treatment indications, methods, and outcomes in a single institution. ANZ J Surg 2023;93:2487\u20132491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.18442.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Association T E P B o t C M D, The Section of Emergency Medicine C M A, Medicine T M P C o E, et al. Expert Consensus on Emergency Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Chin J Crit Care Med; 2021, 41(1): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1949.2021.01.001","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1949.2021.01.001"},{"key":"9722_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.032","volume":"154","author":"SD Crockett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crockett SD, Wani S, Gardner TB et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1096\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.032.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9722_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1189486","author":"J Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao J, Lan B, Ma C et al. RNA-sequencing approach for exploring the protective mechanisms of dexmedetomidine on pancreatic injury in severe acute pancreatitis. Front Pharmacol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1189486.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"9722_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02952-2","volume":"30","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Q, Fang J, Zhang S et al. Ulinastatin inhibits macrophage M1 polarization to improve acute pancreatitis-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction by promoting Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Eur J Med Res 2025;30:676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-025-02952-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"9722_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P\u00e1rniczky A, Mik\u00f3 A, Uc A, et al. International Association of Pancreatology Revised Guidelines on Acute Pancreatitis 2025: Supported and Endorsed by the American Pancreatic Association, European Pancreatic Club, Indian Pancreas Club, and Japan Pancreas Society. Pancreatology, 2025.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pan.2025.04.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2025.04.020"},{"key":"9722_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.13201\/j.issn.1009-5918.2021.03.002","volume":"22","author":"L Nonghua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nonghua L, Wenhua H. Emergency endoscopy in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. J Clin Emerg (China) 2021;22:160\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13201\/j.issn.1009-5918.2021.03.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Emerg (China)"},{"key":"9722_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00801-2","volume":"23","author":"SS Thiruvengadam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thiruvengadam SS, Sedarat A. The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the management of gastric varices. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2021;23:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-020-00801-2.","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"9722_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1098-1817","volume":"52","author":"BP Mohan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohan BP, Chandan S, Khan SR et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapy versus direct endoscopic glue injection therapy for gastric varices: systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2020;52:259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1098-1817.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"9722_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn311367-20230927-00103","volume":"44","author":"X Xueqing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xueqing X, Hongtan C. Advances in the diagnosis and management of left-sided portal hypertension. Chin J Dig 2024;44:205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn311367-20230927-00103.","journal-title":"Chin J Dig"},{"key":"9722_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1174-5590","volume":"53","author":"Z Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen Q, Yang Y et al. Partial splenic embolization through endoscopic ultrasound-guided implantation of coil as a potential technique to treat portal hypertension. Endoscopy 2020;53:E40\u2013E41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1174-5590.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"9722_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.10.030","volume":"133","author":"K Hamesch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamesch K, Hollenbach M, Guilabert L et al. Practical management of severe acute pancreatitis. Eur J Internal Med 2025;133:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.10.030.","journal-title":"Eur J Internal Med"},{"key":"9722_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908821","volume":"362","author":"HC van Santvoort","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ et al. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1491\u20131502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0908821.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9722_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115610-20200320-00184","volume":"19","author":"W Chunyou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chunyou W. Surgical intervention of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: timing is more important than technology. Chin J Dig Surg 2020;19:366\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn115610-20200320-00184.","journal-title":"Chin J Dig Surg"},{"key":"9722_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.19538\/j.nk2021010105","volume":"41","author":"L Guanqun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guanqun L, Bei S. Strategy of surgical intervention in severe acute pancreatitis. Chin J Pract Internal Med 2021;41:18\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19538\/j.nk2021010105.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Internal Med"},{"key":"9722_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0247-0","author":"A Lepp\u00e4niemi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4niemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-019-0247-0.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T11:54:32Z","timestamp":1786017272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-026-09722-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}