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Demyelinating optic neuritis (ON), a common MS symptom, involves optic nerve damage. We\u2019ve developed NeuroVEP, a portable, wireless diagnostic system that delivers visual stimuli through a smartphone in a headset and measures evoked potentials at the visual cortex from the scalp using custom electroencephalography electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subject vision is evaluated using a short 2.5-min full-field visual evoked potentials (ffVEP) test, followed by a 12.5-min multifocal VEP (mfVEP) test. The ffVEP evaluates the integrity of the visual pathway by analyzing the P100 component from each eye, while the mfVEP evaluates 36 individual regions of the visual field for abnormalities. Extensive signal processing, feature extraction methods, and machine learning algorithms were explored for analyzing the mfVEPs. Key metrics from patients\u2019 ffVEP results were statistically evaluated against data collected from a group of subjects with normal vision. Custom visual stimuli with simulated defects were used to validate the mfVEP results which yielded 91% accuracy of classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>20 subjects, 10 controls and 10 with MS and\/or ON were tested with the NeuroVEP device and a standard-of-care (SOC) VEP testing device which delivers only ffVEP stimuli. In 91% of the cases, the ffVEP results agreed between NeuroVEP and SOC device. Where available, the NeuroVEP mfVEP results were in good agreement with Humphrey Automated Perimetry visual field analysis. The lesion locations deduced from the mfVEP data were consistent with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot study indicates that NeuroVEP has the potential to be a reliable, portable, and objective diagnostic device for electrophysiology and visual field analysis for neuro-visual disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-024-09980-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T22:01:26Z","timestamp":1719957686000},"page":"23-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Portable multi-focal visual evoked potential diagnostics for multiple sclerosis\/optic neuritis patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1467-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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All subjects were either referred by their clinical neurologist at the Department of Neurology at Tufts Medical Center or were self-enrolled after seeing an advertisement posted around Tufts Medical Center.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of Human Rights:"}},{"value":"no animals were used in this research","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement on the welfare of animals"}},{"value":"Subjects were required to be between 18 and 80\u00a0years of age and signed a written informed consent document after the study was explained and all of their questions were answered. Gender was not used as a condition for selection. 10 healthy subjects along with 10 subjects with MS, ON or both conditions were tested. Because of the virtual reality (VR) capabilities of our display system, we required subjects to fill out a simulator sickness questionnaire; however, the static nature of our stimuli was not expected to induce motion sickness symptoms, and this was borne out in the results (no discomfort was reported in the subject feedback). Three of the authors served as control subjects (SMAB, CV, and SS), who have extensive experience participating in EEG and\/or psychophysical vision testing paradigms.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}