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The electrophysiological responses were recorded binocularly using EDTL<\/jats:sub> and ESKIN<\/jats:sub>. 5-way ANOVAs were applied to investigate the following factors on mfERGPhNR<\/jats:sub>: i) ELECTRODE, ii) DILATATION, iii) AGE, iv) EYE, and v) ECCENTRICITY. For mfPERG, the same factors, except dilatation, were investigated applying 4-way ANOVAs. These were conducted for amplitude and peak time of different components as well as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Amplitudes of mfERGPhNR<\/jats:sub> [mfPERG]-based ESKIN<\/jats:sub> recording were reduced to 32\u201338% [37\u201338%] compared to EDTL<\/jats:sub>, \n \n $$p < 0.001$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.001<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>. This corresponded to SNR reduction to 80% [60%], \n \n $$p < 0.001$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.001<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>. ESKIN<\/jats:sub> based responses had shorter peak times, by 0.2\u20130.5\u00a0ms for N1 and P1, \n \n $$p < 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.05<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>, [P1: 1.5\u00a0ms, \n \n $$p < 0.001$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.001<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>]. Both age groups had comparable amplitudes and SNRs, but Young had shorter peak times, by 1.5\u20132.2\u00a0ms for N1 and P1, \n \n $$p < 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.05<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula> [3.7\u20134.2\u00a0ms for N1, P1, N2, \n \n $$p < 0.05$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.05<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>]. Compared to dilated recordings, undilated mfERGPhNR<\/jats:sub> amplitudes were reduced to 47\u201387%, \n \n $$p < 0.01$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.01<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>, and peak times were delayed by 2.0\u201311.8\u00a0ms, \n \n $$p < 0.001$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.001<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n mfPERG & mfERGPhNR<\/jats:sub> traces were similar for EDTL<\/jats:sub> and ESKIN<\/jats:sub>. However, for skin electrodes, amplitudes and SNRs were lower and peak times shorter. ESKIN<\/jats:sub> thus seem to be a viable alternative in patients in whom the use of corneal electrodes is precluded, e.g., children and disabled patients, but at the expense of SNR and with reference to ESKIN<\/jats:sub> normative data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10014-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T18:26:36Z","timestamp":1744223196000},"page":"137-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["DTL versus skin electrodes in recording of multifocal pattern electroretinogram and multifocal photopic negative response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Henrike Marie","family":"Nowitzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaldoon O.","family":"Al-Nosairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10014_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-023-09932-z","volume":"146","author":"DL McCulloch","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCulloch DL, Bach M, Brigell M et al (2023) ISCEV guidelines for calibration and verification of stimuli and recording instruments (2023 update). 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