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We measured the response to flashes (9 flash strengths in total between 0.12 and 29.76\u00a0cd.s\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> while doubling the strength at each step; 5\u00a0ms flash duration) on a steady background (24\u00a0cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and on a 1\u00a0Hz modulating background (24\u00a0cd\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> mean luminance; 100% contrast). The flashes were presented at 6 different phases during the sine wave (0\u00b0, 90\u00b0, 180\u00b0, 225\u00b0, 270\u00b0, and 315\u00b0). Responses to a 1\u00a0Hz sinusoidally modulating stimulus were subtracted from the responses to the combined flash plus sine-wave stimuli to obtain the flash ERGs at different phases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The a-wave and PhNR amplitudes monotonically increased with increasing flash strength. The b- and i-wave amplitudes displayed a maximum at 1.9\u00a0cd.s\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, above which they decreased again (the so-called \u201cPhotopic hill effect\u201d). The responses could be described by an addition of a logistic growth and a Gaussian. The parameters of these functions depended on the time of flash presentation relative to the background. The dependency of the a-, b- and i-wave on flash presentation time with constant flash strength could be described by a model that assumes that the amplitude depends on the Weber fraction of the flash including a delay and a saturation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The use of modulating backgrounds may increase the signal-to-noise ratio of flash ERGs and thus its diagnostic value. The dynamics of the response as a function of flash presentation time gives additional information about the retinal processing of flash and background. The photopic hill model allows the separation of processing in retinal On- and Off-pathways.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T03:19:33Z","timestamp":1748661573000},"page":"145-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The consequence of modulating background on the luminance-response function of the human photopic electroretinogram"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Kremers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cord","family":"Huchzermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash J.","family":"Aher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00154382","volume":"80","author":"N Wali","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wali N, Leguire LE (1992) The photopic hill: a new phenomenon of the light adapted electroretinogram. 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The MIT Press, Cambridge, London, pp 139\u2013183"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T19:01:41Z","timestamp":1757962901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10029-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee (name of institute\/committee) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg and complies with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of human rights"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement on the welfare of animals"}}]}}