{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:27:46Z","timestamp":1761730066267,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY026004","P30EY001792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026004","P30EY001792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if harmonic components of the 30\u00a0Hz flicker ERG are useful for detecting neural dysfunction in diabetics who have mild or no non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previously reported light-adapted flicker ERG data recorded from 20 diabetics who had no clinically-apparent retinopathy (NDR), 20 who had mild NPDR (MDR), and 20 non-diabetic controls were reanalyzed. From this dataset, the amplitude and phase of the 31.25\u00a0Hz flicker ERG fundamental and second harmonic were extracted. The 62.5\u00a0Hz flicker ERG fundamental was also extracted. Similar responses were also acquired prospectively from 10 controls, 5 NDR, and 5 MDR subjects, comprising a second dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of variance indicated that both diabetic groups had normal amplitudes elicited by the 31.25\u00a0Hz stimulus (fundamental and second harmonic), whereas the 62.5\u00a0Hz amplitude was reduced significantly in both diabetic groups. This pattern was found in both the retrospective and prospective analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The second harmonic of the 31.25\u00a0Hz flicker response (equivalent to 62.5\u00a0Hz) was normal in early-stage DR, whereas the response to 62.5\u00a0Hz flicker stimuli was abnormal. The second harmonic of the ISCEV standard 30\u00a0Hz flicker ERG does not appear to be a useful indicator of neural dysfunction in early DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10030-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T01:59:34Z","timestamp":1748656774000},"page":"247-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brief report: harmonic analysis of the 30 Hz flicker ERG in early-stage diabetic retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health research grants R01EY026004 (JM), P30EY001792 (core grant), an unrestricted departmental grant from Research to Prevent Blindness.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The studies were performed in accordance with the tenants of the Declaration of Helsinki, institutional review board approval was obtained at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and the experiments were undertaken with the understanding and written consent of each subject.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No animal experiments were performed.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement on the welfare of animals"}},{"value":"The subjects consented to participate in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}