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However, they are commonly studied at 16\u201320\u00a0weeks of age, a timeframe in which the animals double their weight and development-related physiological changes may occur. This study aims to characterize retinal function and morphology and establish reference values for future translational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Landrace pigs (16\u201320\u00a0weeks old) underwent standardized examinations of the left eye at baseline (16\u00a0weeks), 18 and 20\u00a0weeks. The left eye was examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, histology, and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) under light- and dark-adapted conditions, using the ISCEV-compliant 6-step Dog, Cat, Nonhuman Primate protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 30 animals were included. Retinal morphology remained stable throughout the study period, with no significant changes in retinal thickness observed by OCT (baseline: 252\u2009\u00b1\u200924\u00a0\u00b5m; week 20: 249\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0\u00b5m;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.17) or by histology. ffERG revealed increased amplitudes under light- and dark-adapted conditions at 20\u00a0weeks compared to baseline at 16\u00a0weeks of age (e.g. light-adapted b-wave:\u2009+\u200965\u00a0\u00b5V,\u2009+\u200918.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while latencies remained stable without clinically relevant changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During this phase of rapid development, Landrace pigs undergo significant functional retinal maturation without corresponding morphological changes emphasizing importance of functional testing in retinal assessments. This study provides reference data in a large number of animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10050-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T02:10:38Z","timestamp":1758766238000},"page":"219-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An in-depth characterization of development-related electroretinographical and morphological changes in Landrace pigs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Lea","family":"Skrzypczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan Calder","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Aristide","family":"Augustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Rahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd Uwe","family":"Auffarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1617-9","volume":"249","author":"I Sanchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanchez I, Martin R, Ussa F, Fernandez-Bueno I (2011) The parameters of the porcine eyeball. 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None of the other authors declares a possible conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}