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We also review an example of four standard ISCEV full-field ERG (ffERG) recordings from a healthy 32-year-old male.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Wavelet analysis uncovered time\u2013frequency signatures absent in raw traces. In DA 0.01\u00a0cd\u00a0s\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      DWT scalogram, energy localized in the 2\u20135\u00a0Hz range, with CWT scalograms corroborating these findings. In DA 3.0\u00a0cd\u00a0s\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , a broader frequency response is seen across 10, 20 and 40\u00a0Hz center frequencies. A similar progression was found in the LA 3.0\u00a0cd\u00a0s\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , with additional low energy indices at 80 and 160\u00a0Hz. For the LA 30\u00a0Hz flicker, all frequency and time\u2013frequency profiles effectively replicated the 30\u00a0Hz response of the cone system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CWT and DWT provide complementary and objective insight into ERG responses. Open-source MATLAB toolkit and step-by-step tutorial provided herein lower technical barriers and enable use by the broader community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10070-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:24:15Z","timestamp":1765823055000},"page":"23-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A practical introduction to wavelet analysis in electroretinography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-4693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousif J.","family":"Shwetar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Lalush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5194-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice Y.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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