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The region chosen for analysis included the baseline, a-wave and ascending limb of the b-wave and included\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091736 control and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091300 ASD waveforms. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with complexity penalized tensor product splines was applied to the waveform intervals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contour plots derived from the ASD and Control groups revealed a pattern of reduced amplitude in the ascending limb of the b-wave for the ASD group. Representative responses were derived from the GAM model for discrete Flash Strengths to exemplify the changing profile of the ERG waveform. A contour plot of the derived z-scores provided a qualitative evaluation of the differences in the mean amplitudes which was concentrated on the b-wave.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The production of contour plots based on amplitude, time and Flash Strength with minimal a priori assumptions provide an additional approach to analyzing stimulus response data series and may support clinical applications. Additionally, the GAM-based methodology provides a tool for simultaneous investigation of the amplitude changes over time and Flash Strength which can be useful for theoretical purposes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10078-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:10:09Z","timestamp":1768734609000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Technical note: contour plot visualization of the light adapted electroretinogram using a generalized additive model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Brabec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1357-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynne","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-6802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene O.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Marmolejo-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Skuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5491-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3994-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Constable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10078_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(97)00094-1","volume":"37","author":"NP Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith NP, Lamb TD (1997) The a-wave of the human electroretinogram recorded with a minimally invasive technique. 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