{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1785556961190,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011\/19194-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\/19194-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) parameters and evaluate their clinical associations in patients with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease over a 4-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 21 patients with acute VKH disease followed for 48\u00a0months after initiation of systemic corticosteroid therapy, with or without adjunctive immunosuppression. ffERG was performed at 1, 6, 12, and 48\u00a0months (M) post-treatment. At M48, eyes were classified into two groups: Group 1 (normal ffERG) and Group 2 (subnormal ffERG), based on whether any ffERG parameters fell below the 5th percentile of age-matched healthy controls. Main outcomes included longitudinal ffERG changes, clinical associations, and the 6-month recovery ratios relative to baseline (M1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All ffERG parameters improved significantly from baseline to M6 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and to M12 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and stabilized thereafter. Group 2 exhibited consistently reduced ffERG amplitudes compared to Group 1 throughout follow-up (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 to p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), despite similar recovery trends. Recovery ratios at M6 ranged from 27%\u201378% in Group 1 and 26%\u2013175% in Group 2; however, Group 2 remained below normal levels at M48. Sunset glow fundus (SGF) at M12 was significantly more frequent in Group 2 (60.7%) than in Group 1 (21.4%, p\u2009=\u20090.025).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal function improved during the first year and stabilized thereafter, irrespective of treatment type. Persistent subnormal ffERG at 48\u00a0months reflected a poorer baseline function and was associated with the development of SGF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T01:47:35Z","timestamp":1769737655000},"page":"185-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Full-field electroretinogram (ffERG)\u00a0over 48\u00a0months correlates with baseline retinal dysfunction\u00a0in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Maria Silveira","family":"Souto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruy Felippe Brito Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Missaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Mendes","family":"Lavezzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Mayumi","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Kiyoko","family":"Oyamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Hisae","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Brazilian Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla Figueiredo Campos","family":"da N\u00f3brega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo Carneiro","family":"Gusm\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmett","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10080_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0412-4","volume":"11","author":"MM Lavezzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lavezzo MM, Sakata VM, Morita C et al (2016) Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: review of a rare autoimmune disease targeting antigens of melanocytes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 11:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13023-016-0412-4","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"10080_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1132741","volume":"25","author":"D Gonzalez Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzalez Fernandez D, Nascimento H, Nascimento C et al (2017) Uveitis in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: 1053 new patients in 15 months. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 25:382\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09273948.2015.1132741","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10080_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04440-w","volume":"257","author":"VM Sakata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakata VM, Lavezzo MM, da Silva FT et al (2019) Full-field electroretinogram behavior in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a 24-month longitudinal study in patients from acute onset evaluated with multimodal analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257:2285\u20132295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-019-04440-w","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311691","volume":"103","author":"M Nakayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakayama M, Keino H, Watanabe T, Okada AA (2019) Clinical features and visual outcomes of 111 patients with new-onset acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease treated with pulse intravenous corticosteroids. Br J Ophthalmol 103:274\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311691","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-008-9288-1","volume":"30","author":"T Kawaguchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kawaguchi T, Horie S, Bouchenaki N et al (2010) Suboptimal therapy controls clinically apparent disease but not subclinical progression of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Int Ophthalmol 30:41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-008-9288-1","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_190_20","volume":"32","author":"I Papasavvas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papasavvas I, Tugal-Tutkun I, Herbort C (2020) Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada is a curable autoimmune disease: early diagnosis and immediate dual steroidal and non-steroidal immunosuppression are crucial prerequisites. J Curr Ophthalmol 32:310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JOCO.JOCO_190_20","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-020-00214-2","author":"CA Urzua","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urzua CA, Herbort C, Valenzuela RA et al (2020) Initial-onset acute and chronic recurrent stages are two distinctive courses of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-020-00214-2","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"10080_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0395-0","volume":"37","author":"CP Herbort Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herbort CP Jr, Abu El Asrar AM, Yamamoto JH et al (2017) Reappraisal of the management of Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada disease: sunset glow fundus is no more a fatality. Int Ophthalmol 37:1383\u20131395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-016-0395-0","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10080_CR9","first-page":"422","volume":"59","author":"MM Lavezzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lavezzo MM, Sakata VM, Rodriguez EEC et al (2018) Suclinical signs persistance in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKHD) patients treated with early high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy (IMT). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59(9):422","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10080_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)00925-4","volume":"131","author":"RW Read","year":"2001","unstructured":"Read RW, Holland GN, Rao NA et al (2001) Revised diagnostic criteria for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: report of an international committee on nomenclature. Am J Ophthalmol 131:647\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)00925-4","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-008-9263-x","volume":"30","author":"I Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tugal-Tutkun I, Herbort CP, Khairallah M (2010) Scoring of dual fluorescein and ICG inflammatory angiographic signs for the grading of posterior segment inflammation (dual fluorescein and ICG angiographic scoring system for uveitis). Int Ophthalmol 30:539\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-008-9263-x","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robson AG, Frishman LJ, Grigg J, et al (2022) ISCEV Standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2022 update). 1\u201322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-022-09872-0"},{"key":"10080_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060939","author":"CP Herbort","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herbort CP, Mantovani A, Tugal-Tutkun I, Papasavvas I (2021) Classification of non-infectious and\/or immune mediated cho-roiditis: a brief overview of the essentials. Diagnostics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11060939","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10080_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3869-5","volume":"256","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakamura T, Hayashi A, Oiwake T (2018) Recovery of macular cone photoreceptors in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 256:387\u2013394","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Freund KB, Kumar A, et al (2020) Bacillary layer detachment in acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. A Novel Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis. 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002914"},{"key":"10080_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00673-6","volume":"11","author":"RFBG Missaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Missaka RFBG, Goldbaum M, Machado CG et al (2025) Bacillary layer detachment in acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: an early predictor of long-term complications in a Brazilian cohort. Int J Retina Vitreous 11:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-025-00673-6","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"10080_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.029","volume":"148","author":"FT da Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"da Silva FT, Hirata CE, Olivalves E et al (2009) Fundus-based and electroretinographic strategies for stratification of late-stage Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease patients. Am J Ophthalmol 148:939-945.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.029","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12348-011-0055-5","volume":"2","author":"P Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang P, Sun M, Liu X et al (2012) Alterations of color vision and central visual field in patients with Vogt\u2212Koyanagi\u2212Harada syndrome. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2:75\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12348-011-0055-5","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"10080_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01417-1","volume":"40","author":"CP Herbort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herbort CP, Tugal-Tutkun I, Khairallah M et al (2020) Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada disease: recurrence rates after initial-onset disease differ according to treatment modality and geographic area. Int Ophthalmol 40:2423\u20132433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01417-1","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)93072-3","volume":"64","author":"JH Jacobson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Jacobson JH, Popkin A, Hirose T (1967) The electroretinogram in Harada\u2019s disease. Am J Ophthalmol 64:1152\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9394(67)93072-3","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.04.013","volume":"191","author":"W Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan W, Zhou C, Cao Q et al (2018) Longitudinal study of visual function in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease using full-field electroretinography. Am J Ophthalmol 191:92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.04.013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1978.tb01357.x","volume":"56","author":"V Godel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Godel V, Blumenthal M, Regenbogen L (1978) Functional evaluation in Harada\u2019s Disease. Acta Ophthalmol 56:314\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1978.tb01357.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1991.tb04823.x","volume":"69","author":"T Hirose","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirose T, Katsumi O, Pruett RC et al (2009) Retinal function in birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 69:327\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1991.tb04823.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.72.9.646","author":"HA Priem","year":"1988","unstructured":"Priem HA, Oosterhuis JA (1988) Birdshot chorioretinopathy: clinical characteristics and evolution. Br J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.72.9.646","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0506-7","volume":"240","author":"DN Zacks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zacks DN, Samson CM, Loewenstein J, Foster CS (2002) Electroretinograms as an indicator of disease activity in birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:601\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-002-0506-7","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09776-x","volume":"141","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Nair A, Goldberg N et al (2020) Oscillatory potentials in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 141:293\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-020-09776-x","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10080_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh KT, Christmas NJ, Folk JC (2002) Birdshot Retinochoroiditis: Long Term Follow-up of a Chronically Progressive Disease","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01350-8"},{"key":"10080_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.047837","volume":"89","author":"GE Holder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holder GE, Robson AG, Pavesio C, Graham EM (2005) Electrophysiological characterisation and monitoring in the management of birdshot chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89:709\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.047837","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:22:57Z","timestamp":1785554577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10080-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}