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Full-field ERGs were recorded using chromatic red-on-blue stimulation (1.7\u00a0cd\u00b7s\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      flashes over an 8\u00a0cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      blue background) in accordance with the ISCEV extended PhNR protocol. The AD group included 16 females and 14 males with moderate cognitive impairment (mean MMSE 15.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9). ERG a-wave, b-wave, and PhNR amplitudes were recorded. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses were measured by OCT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A-wave (AD: \u2212\u200913.4\u2009\u00b1\u200911.9\u00a0\u00b5V, control: \u2212\u200932.5\u2009\u00b1\u200913.7\u00a0\u00b5V,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), b-wave (AD: 59.1 \u00b1 28 \u00b5V, control: 156 \u00b1 48.8 \u00b5V,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), PhNR (AD: \u2212\u200921.4\u2009\u00b1\u200914.9\u00a0\u00b5V, control: \u2212\u200951\u2009\u00b1\u200915.4\u00a0\u00b5V,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) amplitudes were lower in AD. Thicknesses of the\u00a0central INL (AD: 25\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6\u00a0\u00b5m, control: 25.2\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2\u00a0\u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), inferior OPL (AD: 32.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.2\u00a0\u00b5m, control: 36.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.9\u00a0\u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), and temporal OPL (AD: 29.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u00a0\u00b5m, control: 34.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0\u00a0\u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) were reduced in AD, while other retinal layers\u00a0showed no significant differences between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The b-wave amplitude showed the highest discriminative power with an AUC of 0.956, followed by the PhNR amplitude (AUC\u2009=\u20090.930) and the a-wave amplitude (AUC\u2009=\u20090.904).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AD was associated with a generalized reduction in full-field\u00a0ERG amplitudes, accompanied by selective retinal layer changes on OCT. Among electrophysiological measures, b-wave amplitude demonstrated the highest ability to distinguish AD patients from controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10089-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:17:19Z","timestamp":1772644639000},"page":"369-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional and structural retinal alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from photopic negative response (PhNR) and OCT-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Hidayet","family":"Sener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furkan","family":"Ozer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Ahmet","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beyza","family":"Ogurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatice Kubra","family":"Sonmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Gultekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Horozoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00338-8","volume":"11","author":"AA Tahami Monfared","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahami Monfared AA, Byrnes MJ, White LA, Zhang Q (2022) Alzheimer\u2019s disease: epidemiology and clinical progression. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and informed consent statement"}},{"value":"No animals were used in this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement on the welfare of animals"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (Erciyes University Local Ethics Committee, Approval No: 2021\/566) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement of human rights"}}]}}