{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:07:16Z","timestamp":1779361636773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council, Lee Hysan Foundation and Sau Ching Charity Foundation and Research Matching Grant Scheme and the InnoHK initiative","award":["PolyU R5006-21, PolyU 15100222, PolyU ZH5T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU R5006-21, PolyU 15100222, PolyU ZH5T"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multifocal Electroretinogram (mfERG) applies a fast flicker-based stimulation on the human retina and is considered a valuable tool in studying the cone photoreceptor functional pathways. At the same time, the global flash paradigm of the mfERG (MOFO mfERG) is found to be advantageous in the simultaneous evaluation of retinal responses arising from outer (direct component, DC) and inner (induced component, IC) retinal levels. Incorporating a silent substitution stimulus to the MOFO mfERG remains unexplored yet has broad potential utility. The present study aimed to develop an L- and M-cone directed global flash mfERG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A silent substitution stimulus was created appropriate for the commercially available LED monitor. Using the conventional 96% contrast MOFO mfERG as a reference, L- and M-cone directed MOFO mfERG with 19-hexagon stimulation was created and tested in 36 Chinese adults with normal colour vision. Experimental validation was conducted using high-intensity red and green light adaptation to simulate colour vision deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mathematical validation was performed by calculating and ensuring that proper cone quantal catches are achieved at both targeted and non-targeted cone photoreceptors. The cone response amplitude from participants with simulated protanopia and deuteranopia showed a reduction of up to 50% (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) following pigment bleach due to light adaptation. The mean L\/M cone amplitude ratio for the Chinese adults concerning the DC and IC was 0.84\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29 and 0.77\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32, respectively, for all rings combined. The M-cone amplitudes were higher than that of the L-cone. The M-cone responses were phase-advanced or faster compared to the L-cone responses (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The L- and M-cone-directed global flash mfERG protocols may provide valuable details on the specific cone-related outer and inner retinal responses and hold extensive utility in cone-related diseases and the evaluation of colour vision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T08:41:08Z","timestamp":1773477668000},"page":"309-326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["L- and M-cone-directed Global flash multifocal electroretinogram: conceptualization and development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandini","family":"Ravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry H. L.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90235-B","volume":"32","author":"EE Sutter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sutter EE, Tran D (1992) The field topography of ERG components in man\u2014I. The photopic luminance response. Vis Res 32(3):433\u2013446","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00139-9","volume":"38","author":"A Klistorner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klistorner A, Crewther DP, Crewther SG (1998) Temporal analysis of the topographic ERG: chromatic vs. achromatic stimulation. Vis Res 38(7):1047\u20131062","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"25","key":"10092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.06.020","volume":"44","author":"VC Greenstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greenstein VC, Holopigian K, Seiple W, Carr RE, Hood DC (2004) Atypical multifocal ERG responses in patients with diseases affecting the photoreceptors. Vis Res 44(25):2867\u20132874","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1999.00439.x","volume":"19","author":"HL Chan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chan HL, Brown B (1999) Multifocal ERG changes in glaucoma. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 19(4):306\u2013316","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9076-7","volume":"116","author":"YF Ng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ng YF, Chan HH, Chu PH, Siu AW, To CH, Beale BA, Wong F (2008) Pharmacologically defined components of the normal porcine multifocal ERG. Doc Ophthalmol 116(3):165\u2013176","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10092_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutter E E., Shimada Y, Li Y, Bearse M A. (1999). Mapping inner retinal function through enhancement of adaptive components in the M-ERG. In\u00a0Vision science and its applications (p. FD1). Optica Publishing Group.","DOI":"10.1364\/VSIA.1999.FD1"},{"issue":"16","key":"10092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.05.006","volume":"48","author":"PH Chu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chu PH, Chan HH, Ng YF, Brown B, Siu AW, Beale BA, Chu PHW, Chan HHL, Gilger BC, Wong F (2008) Porcine global flash multifocal electroretinogram: possible mechanisms for the glaucomatous changes in contrast response function. Vis Res 48(16):1726\u20131734","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1346-5","volume":"248","author":"JC Lung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lung JC, Chan HH (2010) Effects of luminance combinations on the characteristics of the global flash multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248(8):1117\u20131125","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000517","volume":"17","author":"J Kremers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kremers J, Scholl HP, Knau H, Berendschot TT, Usui T, Sharpe LT (2000) L\/M cone ratios in human trichromats assessed by psychophysics, electroretinography, and retinal densitometry. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 17(3):517\u2013526","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09730-6","volume":"140","author":"I Perlman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perlman I, Kondo M, Chelva E, Robson AG, Holder GE (2020) ISCEV extended protocol for the S-cone ERG. Doc Ophthalmol 140(2):95\u2013101","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121218","volume":"10","author":"MM Jacob","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacob MM, Pangeni G, Gomes BD, Souza GS, da Silva Filho M, Silveira LCL, Maguire J, Parry NRA, McKeefry DJ, Kremers J (2015) The spatial properties of L-and M-cone inputs to electroretinograms that reflect different types of post-receptoral processing. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0121218","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90104-3","volume":"22","author":"O Est\u00e9vez","year":"1982","unstructured":"Est\u00e9vez O, Spekreijse H (1982) The \u201csilent substitution\u201d method in visual research. Vis Res 22(6):681\u2013691","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/2.8.2","volume":"2","author":"J Albrecht","year":"2002","unstructured":"Albrecht J, J\u00e4gle H, Hood DC, Sharpe LT (2002) The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and cone isolating stimuli: variation in L-and M-cone driven signals across the retina. J Vis 2(8):2\u20132","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804213347","volume":"21","author":"A Kurtenbach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kurtenbach A, Heine J, J\u00c4gle H (2004) Multifocal electroretinogram in trichromat and dichromat observers under cone isolating conditions. Vis Neurosci 21(3):249\u2013255","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/2.2.4","volume":"2","author":"DC Hood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hood DC, Alice LY, Zhang X, Albrecht J, J\u00e4gle H, Sharpe LT (2002) The multifocal visual evoked potential and cone-isolating stimuli: implications for L-to M-cone ratios and normalization. J Vis 2(2):4\u20134","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523807070733","volume":"24","author":"H Langrova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Langrova H, Jaegle H, Zrenner E, Kurtenbach A (2007) The multifocal pattern electroretinogram (mfPERG) and cone-isolating stimuli. Vis Neurosci 24(6):805\u2013816","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"10092_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-006-9019-8","volume":"113","author":"H J\u00e4gle","year":"2006","unstructured":"J\u00e4gle H, Heine J, Kurtenbach A (2006) L: M-cone ratio estimates of the outer and inner retina and its impact on sex differences in ERG amplitudes. Doc Ophthalmol 113:105\u2013113","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000450","volume":"92","author":"N Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou N, Atchison DA, Zele AJ, Brown B, Schmid KL (2015) Cone ratios in myopia and emmetropia: a pilot study. Optom Vis Sci 92(1):e1\u2013e5","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004634","volume":"114","author":"RA Weale","year":"1951","unstructured":"Weale RA (1951) The foveal and para-central spectral sensitivities in man. J Physiol 114(4):435","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/col.5080070311","volume":"7","author":"H Uchikawa","year":"1982","unstructured":"Uchikawa H, Kaiser PK, Uchikawa K (1982) Color-discrimination perimetry. Color Res Appl 7(3):264\u2013272","journal-title":"Color Res Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10092_CR21","first-page":"1673","volume":"43","author":"DC Hood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hood DC, Frishman LJ, Saszik S, Viswanathan S (2002) Retinal origins of the primate multifocal ERG: implications for the human response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43(5):1673\u20131685","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10092_CR22","unstructured":"Stockman A, & Sharpe L T. (1999). Cone spectral sensitivities and color matching.\u00a0Color vision genes perception, 53\u201388."},{"key":"10092_CR23","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.n-denkei.com\/singapore\/items\/product\/topcon-spectroradiometer-sr-3ar\/"},{"key":"10092_CR24","unstructured":"Yu A L H (2005). Studying the L-and M-cone ratios by the multifocal visual evoked potential (Doctoral dissertation, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/col.5080140107","volume":"14","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brainard DH (1989) Calibration of a computer controlled color monitor. Color Res Appl 14(1):23\u201334","journal-title":"Color Res Appl"},{"key":"10092_CR26","unstructured":"Farrell J E, Jiang H, Wandell B A (2017). Characterization of visual stimuli using the standard display model. In: Handbook of Visual Optics, Volume One (pp. 105\u2013114). CRC Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"10092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1072-y","volume":"243","author":"Y Shimada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shimada Y, Bearse MA Jr, Sutter EE (2005) Multifocal electroretinograms combined with periodic flashes: direct responses and induced components. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243(2):132\u2013141","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.002491","volume":"10","author":"A Stockman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stockman A, MacLeod DI, Johnson NE (1993) Spectral sensitivities of the human cones. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 10(12):2491\u20132521","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp005003","volume":"122","author":"GS Brindley","year":"1953","unstructured":"Brindley GS (1953) The effects on colour vision of adaptation to very bright lights. J Physiol 122(2):332","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.000241","volume":"12","author":"VC Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith VC, Pokorny J, Davis M, Yeh T (1995) Mechanisms subserving temporal modulation sensitivity in silent-cone substitution. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 12(2):241\u2013249","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10092_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A113","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.31.00A113","volume":"31","author":"D Kommanapalli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kommanapalli D, Murray IJ, Kremers J, Parry NR, McKeefry DJ (2014) Temporal characteristics of L-and M-cone isolating steady-state electroretinograms. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 31(4):A113\u2013A120","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3899","volume":"51","author":"J Kremers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kremers J, Rodrigues AR, de Lima Silveira LC, da Silva Filho M (2010) Flicker ERGs representing chromaticity and luminance signals. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51(1):577\u2013587","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"22","key":"10092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00160-7","volume":"40","author":"HP Scholl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scholl HP, Kremers J, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Zrenner E (2000) L-and M-cone driven ERGs are differently altered in Best\u2019s macular dystrophy. Vis Res 40(22):3159\u20133168","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10092_CR34","first-page":"3225","volume":"41","author":"HP Scholl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scholl HP, Kremers J (2000) Large phase differences between L-cone\u2013and M-cone\u2013driven electroretinograms in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41(10):3225\u20133233","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10092_CR35","first-page":"3705","volume":"58","author":"SZ Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li SZ, Yu WY, Choi KY, Lam WY, Lakshmanan Y, Cheong AM, Chan HH (2017) Subclinical decrease in central inner retinal activity is associated with myopia development in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(8):3705\u20133712","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10185","volume":"53","author":"WC Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho WC, Kee CS, Chan HHL (2012) Myopia progression in children is linked with reduced foveal mfERG response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:5320\u20135325","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9379","volume":"53","author":"WC Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho WC, Kee CS, Chan HHL (2012) Myopic children have central reduction in high contrast multifocal ERG response while adults have paracentral reduction in low contrast response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:3695\u20133702","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.10.017","volume":"52","author":"WC Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho WC, Wong OY, Chan YC, Wong SW, Kee CS, Chan HHL (2012) Sign-dependent changes in retinal electrical activity with positive and negative defocus in the human eye. Vision Res 52(1):47\u201353","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.3.328","volume":"124","author":"CD Luu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luu CD, Lau AM, Lee SY (2006) Multifocal electroretinogram in adults and children with myopia. Arch Ophthalmol 124(3):328\u2013334","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10092_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25075-8","volume":"12","author":"SA Vyas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vyas SA, Leung HT, Kee CS, Chan HH (2022) Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens. Sci Rep 12:21180","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan H H, Li S Z, Choi K Y, Yu W Y, Chu, P. H, Seo M J, Cheong A M (2022). Efficacy of 0.01% atropine for myopia control in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial depends on baseline electroretinal response. Sci Rep 12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15686-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"10092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.56.000686","volume":"56","author":"HD Baker","year":"1966","unstructured":"Baker HD (1966) Single-variable anomaloscope matches during recovery from artificial red blindness. J Opt Soc Am 56(5):686\u2013689","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"issue":"13","key":"10092_CR43","first-page":"4539","volume":"55","author":"JA Kuchenbecker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuchenbecker JA, Neitz J, Neitz M (2014) Ethnic variation in the ratio of long-to middle-wavelength sensitive cones. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55(13):4539\u20134539","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10092_CR44","unstructured":"Wyszecki G, Stiles W S (2000). Color science: concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae. John wiley and sons"},{"key":"10092_CR45","first-page":"75","volume":"1","author":"EN Pugh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pugh EN, Atkinson RC, Herrnstein RJ (1988) Vision: physics and retinal physiology. Stevens handbook exp psychol 1:75\u2013163","journal-title":"Stevens handbook exp psychol"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:39:07Z","timestamp":1779359947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10092-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}