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Matilda Ziegler Foundation for the Blind","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010310","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011603","name":"American Academy of Optometry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011603","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Meta"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RETeval portable flash electrophysiology device\u00a0is extensively used for assessing retinal function in humans. However, its utility in measuring electroretinograms in preclinical studies has been less explored. Tree shrews (small diurnal mammals closely related to primates) are a well-established animal model of emmetropization known to exhibit robust responses to visual cues and mimic human juvenile-onset myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-session repeatability of full-field photopic electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded using the RETeval system in tree shrews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 24\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00a0days of visual experience (DVE), twelve juvenile tree shrews housed in broadband colony light (100\u2013300\u00a0lx) underwent electrophysiology testing of the normally developing eye using the RETeval system (LKC Technologies, MD, USA). Measurements were repeated twice in each session, as well as at 30 and 35 DVE. The amplitudes and peak times of the flash, flicker, photopic negative response, S-cone, and On\u2013Off ERGs were analyzed. The intra- and inter-session repeatability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CoV), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), mean bias (%), paired t-test, and Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tree shrew ERGs exhibited well-defined and robust waveforms comparable to those of human ERGs. Flash and flicker ERGs showed excellent intra-session repeatability for both amplitudes and peak times (CoV\u2009&lt;\u20095%, mean bias\u2009\u2264\u20095%, and ICC\u2009\u2265\u20090.98). While the ERGs were also repeatable across different sessions, the repeatability metrics were comparatively better for peak times (CoV:\u2009&lt;\u200910%, mean bias:\u2009&lt;\u200915%) than for amplitudes (CoV: 13.36\u201329.35%, mean bias: 18.89\u201341.51%) with ICC values between 0.4 and 0.86 for inter-session ERGs, indicating modest repeatability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The RETeval measurements of full-field photopic ERGs in tree shrews were robust and reliable, with waveforms morphologically similar to human ERGs, demonstrating the utility of the RETeval system in measuring retinal function in this species. The photopic ERGs were repeatable across sessions on different days, indicating the feasibility of using this device in longitudinal studies of retinal function in tree shrews, for example, in studying the neural basis of emmetropization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10095-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T06:14:17Z","timestamp":1774851257000},"page":"165-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring electroretinograms in tree shrews with a portable electrophysiology device"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7722-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0486-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilda C.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Gawne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3755-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safal","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10095_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1215097","volume":"17","author":"PA Constable","year":"2023","unstructured":"Constable PA, Lim JKH, Thompson DA (2023) Retinal electrophysiology in central nervous system disorders. 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TJG has several provisional patents for optical myopia control therapies and has received funding from ALCON and Meta. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study followed all applicable institutional (UAB IACUC # 22448) and\/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no human subjects in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement of human rights","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no human subjects in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All experimental procedures using animal models were described and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) (Protocol #22448).","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement on the welfare of animals","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}