{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:30:54Z","timestamp":1789000254377,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National School of Healthcare Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a measure of generalised retinal ganglion cell function. There has been heterogenous methodology to record this, with varied electrode type, stimulus luminance, temporal frequency and measurement approach. This study aimed to empirically explore these features to identify an optimal PhNR luminance-response protocol which produces the lowest variance and maximal efficiency to guide clinical protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve healthy participants were recruited (age range 27-51y). Flash ERGs were simultaneously recorded from infraorbital skin and corneal fibre electrodes to a range of red flash stimuli (\u2212\u00a00.3\u20132.4 log cd.s\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , incremented in 0.3 log units), whilst varying temporal frequency (1\u20135\u00a0Hz), background blue luminance (1, 1.5, 2 log cd\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and PhNR measurement approach (from baseline or b-wave, as an amplitude or ratio). The luminance-response series data were analysed for changes according to these variables, alongside a calculation of variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The PhNR luminance-response curves showed few significant differences with increasing temporal frequency, though inter-subject variability was highest for the slowest (1\u00a0Hz) and highest flash (5\u00a0Hz) stimulation rates. Background luminance reduced the relative sensitivity (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) but not maximal amplitude of the luminance-response curves (V\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). With skin electrodes the b-PhNR amplitude and b-PhNR ratio showed the lowest levels of variability compared with other measurement approaches or electrodes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that temporal frequency can be increased significantly, optimally at 4\u00a0Hz, without compromising the PhNR. PhNR variance is lower with skin electrode recordings and PhNR amplitude measurements from the b-wave compared to corneal fibre electrodes and baseline-PhNR amplitudes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T10:38:05Z","timestamp":1775558285000},"page":"341-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The luminance-response function of the photopic negative response (PhNR): analysing different stimulation, recording and measurement approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver R.","family":"Marmoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Hodson-Tole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5491-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10102_CR1","first-page":"1124","volume":"40","author":"S Viswanathan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Viswanathan S et al (1999) The photopic negative response of the macaque electroretinogram: reduction by experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(6):1124\u20131136","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523898153087","volume":"15","author":"DM Linn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Linn DM et al (1998) The role of potassium conductance in the generation of light responses in Muller cells of the turtle retina. Vis Neurosci 15(3):449\u2013458","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0291","volume":"49","author":"S Machida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Machida S et al (2008) Photopic ERG negative response from amacrine cell signaling in RCS rat retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(1):442\u2013452","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"28","key":"10102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913472107","volume":"107","author":"D Raz-Prag","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raz-Prag D et al (2010) Probing potassium channel function in vivo by intracellular delivery of antibodies in a rat model of retinal neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(28):12710\u201312715","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.198531","volume":"589","author":"DA Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson DA et al (2011) Altered electroretinograms in patients with KCNJ10 mutations and EAST syndrome. J Physiol 589(Pt 7):1681\u20131689","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01614-x","volume":"35","author":"OR Marmoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marmoy OR, Viswanathan S (2021) Clinical electrophysiology of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells. Eye 35(9):2386\u20132405","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9638-x","volume":"136","author":"L Frishman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frishman L et al (2018) ISCEV extended protocol for the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the full-field electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 136(3):207\u2013211","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00154382","volume":"80","author":"N Wali","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wali N, Leguire LE (1992) The photopic hill: a new phenomenon of the light adapted electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 80(4):335\u2013345","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00118-4","volume":"43","author":"M Rufiange","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rufiange M et al (2003) The photopic ERG luminance-response function (photopic hill): method of analysis and clinical application. Vision Res 43(12):1405\u20131412","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"10102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.04.020","volume":"47","author":"R Hamilton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamilton R et al (2007) The luminance-response function of the human photopic electroretinogram: a mathematical model. Vision Res 47(23):2968\u20132972","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"10102_CR11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Department of Life Sciences","author":"OR Marmoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marmoy OR (2024) Electrophysiological assessment of paediatric visual function in conditions of raised intracranial pressure. Department of Life Sciences. Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, pp 1\u2013184"},{"issue":"10","key":"10102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0218","volume":"48","author":"NV Rangaswamy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rangaswamy NV et al (2007) Effects of Spectral Characteristics of Ganzfeld Stimuli on the Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) of the ERG. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48(10):4818\u20134828","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0458","volume":"45","author":"NV Rangaswamy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rangaswamy NV et al (2004) Photopic ERGs in patients with optic neuropathies: comparison with primate ERGs after pharmacologic blockade of inner retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(10):3827\u20133837","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR14","first-page":"514","volume":"42","author":"S Viswanathan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Viswanathan S et al (2001) The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in primary open angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(2):514\u2013522","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-008-0546-6","volume":"52","author":"K Miyata","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miyata K et al (2008) Comparison of photopic negative responses elicited by red and white xenon flashes in monkeys. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52(4):327\u2013330","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9257-7","volume":"122","author":"AM Binns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Binns AM, Mortlock KE, North RV (2011) The relationship between stimulus intensity and response amplitude for the photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 122(1):39\u201352","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9591-0","volume":"135","author":"NR Joshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi NR, Ly E, Viswanathan S (2017) Intensity response function of the photopic negative response (PhNR): effect of age and test-retest reliability. Doc Ophthalmol 135(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8461","volume":"53","author":"J Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang J et al (2012) The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in multiple sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53(3):1315\u20131323","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-008-9150-9","volume":"118","author":"M Sustar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sustar M, Cvenkel B, Brecelj J (2009) The effect of broadband and monochromatic stimuli on the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram in normal subjects and in open-angle glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 118(3):167\u2013177","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14938","volume":"100","author":"OR Marmoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marmoy OR, Moinuddin M, Thompson DA (2022) An alternative electroretinography protocol for children: a study of diagnostic agreement and accuracy relative to ISCEV standard electroretinograms. Acta Ophthalmol 100(3):322\u2013330","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-019-00711-5","volume":"64","author":"Y Hara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hara Y et al (2020) Comparisons of photopic negative responses elicited by different conditions from glaucomatous eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol 64(2):114\u2013126","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz G, et al. (2020) The photopic negative response of the Light-adapted 3.0 ERG in clinical settings. Doc Ophthalmol. 140(2): p. 115\u2013128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09723-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09791-y","volume":"142","author":"A Tanikawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanikawa A et al (2021) The influence of mild cataract on ISCEV standard electroretinogram recorded from mydriatic eyes. Doc Ophthalmol 142(2):177\u2013183","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10102_CR24","unstructured":"Palmer HA, et al. (2025) S19 Exploration of the \"i2-wave\": a variably present late photopic ERG component, in 62nd Annual Symposium of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV 2025), P.A.B. Constable, S. E., et al., Editors, Documenta Ophthalmologica: Utrecht, Netherlands"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9304-z","volume":"124","author":"J Kremers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kremers J et al (2012) Spectral characteristics of the PhNR in the full-field flash electroretinogram of normals and glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 124(2):79\u201390","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.6.26","volume":"7","author":"F Hui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hui F et al (2018) Optimizing a portable ERG device for glaucoma clinic: the effect of interstimulus frequency on the photopic negative response. Transl Vis Sci Technol 7(6):26","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90167-0","volume":"23","author":"JM Valeton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Valeton JM, van Norren D (1983) Light adaptation of primate cones: an analysis based on extracellular data. Vision Res 23(12):1539\u20131547","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9239-9","volume":"121","author":"KE Mortlock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mortlock KE et al (2010) Inter-subject, inter-ocular and inter-session repeatability of the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram recorded using DTL and skin electrodes. Doc Ophthalmol 121(2):123\u2013134","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.013","volume":"78","author":"B Fortune","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fortune B et al (2004) Inter-ocular and inter-session reliability of the electroretinogram photopic negative response (PhNR) in non-human primates. Exp Eye Res 78(1):83\u201393","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.4.8","volume":"5","author":"Z Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z et al (2016) Photopic negative response obtained using a handheld electroretinogram device: determining the optimal measure and repeatability. Transl Vis Sci Technol 5(4):8","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.2.13","volume":"5","author":"Z Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z et al (2016) Measuring the photopic negative response: viability of skin electrodes and variability across disease severities in glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 5(2):13","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-006-9015-z","volume":"113","author":"H Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen H et al (2006) The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in retinal vein occlusion. Doc Ophthalmol 113(1):53\u201359","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9242-1","volume":"121","author":"AM Gagn\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gagn\u00e9 AM et al (2010) Assessing the impact of non-dilating the eye on full-field electroretinogram and standard flash response. Doc Ophthalmol 121(3):167\u2013175","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25272","volume":"60","author":"EKA Morny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morny EKA et al (2019) The relationship between the photopic negative response and retinal ganglion cell topography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 60(6):1879\u20131887","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09797-6","volume":"142","author":"MG Nittmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nittmann MG et al (2021) Relationship between stimulus size and different components of the electroretinogram (ERG) elicited by flashed stimuli. Doc Ophthalmol 142(2):213\u2013231","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10102_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.01.007","volume":"47","author":"N Drasdo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drasdo N et al (2007) The length of Henle fibers in the human retina and a model of ganglion receptive field density in the visual field. Vision Res 47(22):2901\u20132911","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817076116","volume":"116","author":"M Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon M, Liu R (2019) Linkage between retinal ganglion cell density and the nonuniform spatial integration across the visual field. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(9):3827\u20133836","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142675","volume":"76","author":"N Wali","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wali N, Leguire LE (1991) Dark-adapted luminance-response functions with skin and corneal electrodes. Doc Ophthalmol 76(4):367\u2013375","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(99)00172-0","volume":"44","author":"M Kondo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kondo M et al (2000) Amplitude decrease of photopic ERG b-wave at higher stimulus intensities in humans. Jpn J Ophthalmol 44(1):20\u201328","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90127-4","volume":"22","author":"RW Hammon","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hammon RW, Scobey RP (1982) The luminance and response range of monkey retinal ganglion cells to white light. Vision Res 22(2):271\u2013277","journal-title":"Vision Res"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:38:59Z","timestamp":1779359939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10102-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}