{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:11:12Z","timestamp":1784045472323,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009232","name":"University of Debrecen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar cell activity plays a crucial role in myopia development. The light-adapted electroretinogram has its photoreceptoral (a-wave) and post-receptoral (mainly b-wave) origins with a later i-wave component primarily representing the activation of the OFF-bipolar cells. It has been proposed that retinal OFF-pathway alteration may contribute to the development of myopia. Therefore, elucidating specific electroretinography (ERG) changes in individuals with unilateral high myopia (UHM) could contribute to understand the underlying pathomechanisms of myopia development and devise targeted treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare light-adapted ERG waveforms between low-myopic\/emmetropic and highly myopic eyes in patients with UHM eyes sharing an identical genetic blueprint. The subsequent comparison of the responses between highly myopic and healthy fellow\u00a0eyes aimed to investigate possible photoreceptoral and\/or post-receptoral pathway alterations that may play a role in myopic refractive errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ophthalmological and electrophysiological examinations were carried out in four individuals with UHM [mean interocular\u00a0difference in spherical equivalent : 10.12\u2009\u00b1 2.7\u00a0(7\u00a0-13.5) D]. ISCEV standard light-adapted electroretinograms were recorded from both eyes using LKC RETeval\u00ae portable ERG unit and DTL electrodes under pupil dilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed comparable a- and b-wave amplitudes with consistently reduced i-wave amplitudes in the highly myopic eyes compared to the lower- or non-myopic fellow\u00a0eyes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that, beyond genetic susceptibility and in the absence of overt unilateral ocular pathology, additional modulatory influences may contribute to the localized retinal regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, the i-wave appears to be a promising electrophysiological biomarker capable of detecting subtle alterations in retinal signaling, with potential implications for elucidating myopia pathogenesis and guiding targeted therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:47:37Z","timestamp":1784000857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective i-wave attenuation in unilateral high myopia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Anett","family":"Porempovics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella T. S.","family":"Barboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ra","family":"Makhoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariann","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Sz\u00e9ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10128_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA et al (2016) Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123:1036\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10128_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3451","volume":"138","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu Y, Ding X, Guo X et al (2020) Association of age at myopia onset with risk of high myopia in adulthood in a 12-year follow-up of a Chinese cohort. JAMA Ophthalmol 138:1129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3451","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","volume":"25","author":"S Saw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saw S, Gazzard G, Shih\u2010Yen EC, Chua W (2005) Myopia and associated pathological complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 25:381\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10128_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100780","volume":"5","author":"DG Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim DG, Bae SH, Kim DJ et al (2025) Clinical features and natural progression of unilateral high myopia in adults: a comparison study. Ophthalmol Sci 5:100780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100780","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.8.1025","volume":"87","author":"AH Weiss","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weiss AH (2003) Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1025\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.87.8.1025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.277","volume":"28","author":"EL Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith EL, Hung L-F, Arumugam B (2014) Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies. Eye (Lond) 28:180\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2013.277","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10128_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486139","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1486139","volume":"15","author":"R-K Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian R-K, Tian X-X, Yang H-B, Wu Y-P (2024) Update on central factors in myopia development beyond intraocular mechanisms. Front Neurol 15:1486139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1486139","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10128_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.9.29","volume":"66","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Carkeet A, Ahmed R et al (2025) Relative role of ON\/OFF pathways in resolving and adapting to blur in myopes and emmetropes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 66:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.9.29","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.31662\/jmaj.2025-0268","volume":"8","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lee D, Gettinger K et al (2025) Mechanisms underlying myopia progression from visual signaling to metabolic remodeling in retina. JMA J 8:1031\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31662\/jmaj.2025-0268","journal-title":"JMA J"},{"key":"10128_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","volume":"137","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Park HN, Hanif AM et al (2015) ON pathway mutations increase susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia. Exp Eye Res 137:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2015.06.009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10128_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(52)90086-2","volume":"4","author":"W Cobb","year":"1952","unstructured":"Cobb W, Morton HB (1952) The human retinogram in response to high-intensity flashes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 4:547\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(52)90086-2","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10128_CR12","first-page":"1614","volume":"66","author":"M Nagata","year":"1962","unstructured":"Nagata M (1962) Studies on the photopic ERG of the human retina. Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 66:1614\u20131673","journal-title":"Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn"},{"key":"10128_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0458","volume":"45","author":"NV Rangaswamy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rangaswamy NV, Frishman LJ, Dorotheo EU et al (2004) Photopic ERGs in patients with optic neuropathies: comparison with primate ERGs after pharmacologic blockade of inner retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:3827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.04-0458","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.13.21","volume":"65","author":"Z Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Z, Tan JK, Vetrivel K et al (2024) The electroretinogram i-wave, a component originating in the retinal OFF-pathway, associates with a myopia genetic risk polymorphism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 65:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.13.21","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2018.01.03","volume":"3","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui K (2018) Pathologic myopia. Ann Eye Sci 3:8\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aes.2018.01.03","journal-title":"Ann Eye Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-022-09872-0","volume":"144","author":"AG Robson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robson AG, Frishman LJ, Grigg J et al (2022) ISCEV standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2022 update). Doc Ophthalmol 144:165\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-022-09872-0","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","volume":"62","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi H, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Collins MJ (2021) Retinal OFF-pathway overstimulation leads to greater accommodation-induced choroidal thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.13.5","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10128_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112500","volume":"28","author":"C Pons","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pons C, Mazade R, Jin J et al (2025) Optical defocus affects differently ON and OFF visual pathways. iScience 28:112500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112500","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10128_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9258-1","volume":"122","author":"FK Horn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horn FK, Gottschalk K, Mardin CY et al (2011) On and off responses of the photopic fullfield ERG in normal subjects and glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 122:53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-011-9258-1","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.218021","volume":"130","author":"K-G Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu K-G, Peng X-Y, Zhang Z et al (2017) Reduction on OFF-responses of electroretinogram in monkeys with long-term high intraocular pressure. Chin Med J 130:2713\u20132719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0366-6999.218021","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10128_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03421-6","volume":"11","author":"M Sarossy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarossy M, Crowston J, Kumar D et al (2021) Prediction of glaucoma severity using parameters from the electroretinogram. Sci Rep 11:23886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03421-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10128_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041317","volume":"12","author":"JB Jonas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Bikbov MM, Wang Y-X et al (2023) Anatomic peculiarities associated with axial elongation of the myopic eye. JCM 12:1317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041317","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"10128_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32307-8","volume":"98","author":"PJ Kutschke","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Keech RV (1991) Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 98:258\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32307-8","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10128_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000546921","volume":"68","author":"M Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang M, Dong X, Liu J, Bu J (2025) Management of anisometropic amblyopia associated with unilateral high myopia in children with modified posterior scleral reinforcement. Ophthalmic Res 68:381\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000546921","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"10128_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04886-5","volume":"22","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Xiao X, Sun W et al (2024) Clinical and genetic risk factors underlying severe consequence identified in 75 families with unilateral high myopia. J Transl Med 22:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-04886-5","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10128_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-022-09876-w","volume":"145","author":"SK Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta SK, Chakraborty R, Verkicharla PK (2022) Correction to: electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 145:77\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-022-09876-w","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2011.08.002","volume":"26","author":"MA Kader","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kader MA (2012) Electrophysiological study of myopia. Saudi J Ophthalmol 26:91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjopt.2011.08.002","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10128_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13430","volume":"45","author":"B Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang B, Wang J, Wang Y et al (2025) Associations of light-adapted electroretinogram in paediatric amblyopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 45:471\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13430","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10128_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-022-09903-w","volume":"146","author":"JY You","year":"2023","unstructured":"You JY, Dorfman AL, Gauvin M et al (2023) Comparing the RETeval\u00ae portable ERG device with more traditional tabletop ERG systems in normal subjects and selected retinopathies. Doc Ophthalmol 146:137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-022-09903-w","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:03:03Z","timestamp":1784044983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10128-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was approved by the Regional Scientific and Research Ethics Committee (ETT RKEB, registration number: DE RKEB\/IKEB 7115\u20132025).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians for study participation and publication of anonymized clinical data and images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}