{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1790244707745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R405-2022-105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R405-2022-105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zealand Region"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Doc Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the effect of screen technology on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) by comparing a standard Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) screen with two Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Light-Emitting Diode (LED) screens with differing levels of latency and high-frequency backlight flicker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All screens were calibrated to emit the same luminance and color composition. 19 young healthy subjects underwent VEP recording using checkerboard patterns with check widths of 0.26 degrees (\u00ba), 0.51\u00ba\u00a0and 1.03\u00ba. Pattern Reversal VEPs (prVEPs) were recorded from occipital (O1, Oz, and O2) electrodes referenced to a frontal electrode (Fz), and Steady State VEPs (SSVEPs) were recorded using a standard International 10\u201320 electrode cap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>prVEP peak\u00a0latencies were prolonged and amplitudes were slightly larger with LCD screens compared to the CRT screen, though the high-flicker LCD screen had slightly shorter peak\u00a0latencies. Pattern-reversal SSVEP at 10 and 12\u00a0reversals\/s entrained cortical activity to a comparable level across all screens, with no representation of high-frequency backlight flicker or its subharmonics detected in the SSVEP signal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Backlight flicker characteristics, timing jitter and latency affects VEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that backlight flicker, timing jitter and latency should be considered when selecting LCD screens for clinical VEP recordings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:52:11Z","timestamp":1790243531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of high-frequency light flicker on pattern-reversal and steady-state visual evoked potentials in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3890-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Ancheta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0061-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suhayla","family":"Karzazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3517-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maibritt","family":"Horning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Dam-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning Engelbrecht","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4202-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Michael","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3594-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ballegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.010","volume":"121","author":"GE Holder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holder GE, Celesia GG, Miyake Y, Tobimatsu S, Weleber RG (2010) International federation of clinical neurophysiology: recommendations for visual system testing. Clin Neurophysiol 121(9):1393\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9621-y","volume":"136","author":"AG Robson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robson AG (2018) ISCEV guide to visual electrodiagnostic procedures. Doc Ophthalmol 136(1):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-017-9621-y","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-025-10042-1","volume":"151","author":"M \u0160u\u0161tar Habjan","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0160u\u0161tar Habjan M (2025) ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2025 update). Doc Ophthalmol 151(2):97\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-025-10042-1","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10151_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-023-09932-z","volume":"146","author":"DL McCulloch","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCulloch DL (2023) ISCEV guidelines for calibration and verification of stimuli and recording instruments (2023 update). Doc Ophthalmol 146(3):199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-023-09932-z","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in High-Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2015.7118618.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2015.7118618"},{"issue":"1","key":"10151_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/14771535211069482","volume":"55","author":"N Miller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miller N, Leon F, Tan J, Irvin L (2023) Flicker: a review of temporal light modulation stimulus, responses, and measures. Light Res Technol 55(1):5\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14771535211069482","journal-title":"Light Res Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10151_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044048","volume":"7","author":"T Elze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elze T, Tanner TG (2012) Temporal properties of liquid crystal displays: implications for vision science experiments. PLoS ONE 7(9):e44048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0044048","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9643-0","volume":"136","author":"J Charlier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charlier J (2018) CRT, OLED and luminance feedback technology for the generation of pattern ERG and VEP. Doc Ophthalmol 136:53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-018-9643-0","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Metrovision JC (2011) \u201cInfluence of the luminance artifact of LCD stimulators on the pattern ERG and VEP\u201d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.2032.7364","DOI":"10.13140\/2.1.2032.7364"},{"issue":"3","key":"10151_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000356688","volume":"51","author":"CS Matsumoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matsumoto CS, Shinoda K, Matsumoto H, Funada H, Sasaki K, Minoda H, Mizota A (2014) Comparisons of pattern visually evoked potentials elicited by different response time liquid crystal display screens. Ophthalmic Res 51(3):117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000356688","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"10151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1684714","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu Z (2026) Exploring the potential effects of different frequencies of flashing light stimulation on alleviating mental fatigue: a behavioral and EEG study. Front Hum Neurosci 20:1684714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1684714","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"10151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17205080","volume":"17","author":"R Masnicki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Masnicki R, Mindykowski J, Palczynska B, Werner D (2024) Research on the flicker effect in modern light sources powered by an electrical network. Energies 17(20):5080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17205080","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"42","key":"10151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"R Gulbinaite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gulbinaite R, Van Viegen T, Wieling M, Cohen MX, VanRullen R (2017) Individual alpha peak frequency predicts 10 Hz flicker effects on selective attention. J Neurosci 37(42):10173\u201310184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-17.2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Documenta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:52:12Z","timestamp":1790243532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10633-026-10151-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-4486","1573-2622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-4486","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None of the authors have potential conflicts of interest to be disclosed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Subjects were recruited from our institution after informed consent was obtained and all had the possibility to terminate their participation at any point in time. The study was conducted according to The Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethical Review Board (SJ-781).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement of human rights and informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No amimals were used in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement of Animal welfare","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}