{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:12:37Z","timestamp":1793106757797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:32:55Z","timestamp":1764865975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sub-lethal toxicological effects of copper oxychloride fungicide (COF) on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae: A multi-biomarker assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nachimuthu Krishnan","family":"Sujeeth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vamuni Kandasamy","family":"Kalaivanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muruganandam","family":"Maheswaree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugesan","family":"Gnanadesigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2009.11.006","volume":"46","author":"MD Bartlett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bartlett MD, Briones MJI, Neilson R et al (2010) A critical review of current methods in earthworm ecology: from individuals to populations. Eur J Soil Biol 46:67\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2009.11.006","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Biol"},{"key":"2994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16267-8","volume":"7","author":"Q Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao Q, Steinman AD, Yao L, Xie L (2017) Toxicological and biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to cyanobacteria toxins. Sci Rep 7:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16267-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.105139","volume":"193","author":"PA Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa PA, Guilhermino L, Laskowski R (2024) Effects of pesticide formulations containing Cypermethrin or tebuconazole, individually and in mixture, on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Appl Soil Ecol 193:105139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.105139","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"key":"2994_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.12.045","volume":"75","author":"M Dazy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dazy M, Masfaraud JF, F\u00e9rard JF (2009) Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers associated with heavy metal stress in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. Chemosphere 75:297\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2008.12.045","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4122-6","volume":"22","author":"L Feng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feng L, Zhang L, Zhang Y et al (2015) Inhibition and recovery of biomarkers of earthworm Eisenia fetida after exposure to thiacloprid. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:9475\u20139482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-4122-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2994_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.04.010","volume":"112","author":"LC Ferreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferreira LC, Scavroni J, da Silva JRV et al (2014) Copper oxychloride fungicide and its effect on growth and oxidative stress of potato plants. Pestic Biochem Physiol 112:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.04.010","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1880","volume":"46","author":"B Helling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Helling B, Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ (2000) Effects of the fungicide copper oxychloride on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 46:108\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/eesa.1999.1880","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107173","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOLIND.2020.107173","volume":"121","author":"S Lammertyn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lammertyn S, Mas\u00edn CE, Zalazar CS, Fernandez ME (2021) Biomarkers response and population biological parameters in the earthworm Eisenia fetida after short term exposure to atrazine herbicide. Ecol Indic 121:107173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ECOLIND.2020.107173","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"2994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.03.023","volume":"167","author":"KA Mackie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mackie KA, M\u00fcller T, Kandeler E (2012) Remediation of copper in vineyards \u2013 A mini review. Environ Pollut 167:16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.03.023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2712-z","volume":"227","author":"MN Mekahlia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mekahlia MN, Tine S, Menasria T et al (2016) In vitro biomarker responses of earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to herbicide Sekator and phosphate fertilizer. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-015-2712-z","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"2994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1984) Earthworm, acute toxicity tests. Test Guideline 207. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals 207:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264070042-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264070042-en"},{"key":"2994_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142765","volume":"362","author":"C Pelosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pelosi C, Gavinelli F, Petit-dit-Grezeriat L et al (2024) Copper toxicity to earthworms: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Chemosphere 362:142765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142765","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2994_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79304-3","volume":"14","author":"K Rajagopalan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajagopalan K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Selvan Christyraj JRS et al (2024) Enhancing the wound healing potential using earthworm clitellum factors and elucidating its molecular mechanism in an in-vitro and earthworm model. Sci Rep 14:28086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-79304-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.10.014","volume":"74","author":"B Ravindran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ravindran B, Contreras-Ramos SM, Sekaran G (2015) Changes in earthworm gut associated enzymes and microbial diversity on the treatment of fermented tannery waste using epigeic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Ecol Eng 74:394\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.10.014","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"2994_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.02.004","volume":"127","author":"A Rico","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rico A, Sabater C, Castillo M\u00c1 (2016) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of five pesticides used in rice farming on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 127:222\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.02.004","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2994_CR15","first-page":"515","volume-title":"Perspectives on the study of earthworms: the global impact of earthworms on soil health and plant Ecology. In: earthworms and ecological processes","author":"A Rowe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rowe A, Crotty F (2024) Perspectives on the study of earthworms: the global impact of earthworms on soil health and plant Ecology. In: earthworms and ecological processes. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, pp 515\u2013537"},{"key":"2994_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1080\/02757540.2017.1357700","volume":"33","author":"S Samal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samal S, Sahoo S, Mishra CSK (2017) Morpho-histological and enzymatic alterations in earthworms Drawida willsi and Lampito mauritii exposed to urea, phosphogypsum and paper mill sludge. Chem Ecol 33:762\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02757540.2017.1357700","journal-title":"Chem Ecol"},{"key":"2994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-016-0542-y","volume":"7","author":"AV Samrot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samrot AV, Justin C, Padmanaban S, Burman U (2017) A study on the effect of chemically synthesized magnetite nanoparticles on earthworm: Eudrilus eugeniae. Appl Nanosci 7:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13204-016-0542-y","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"key":"2994_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CBPC.2009.07.009","volume":"150","author":"JC Sanchez-Hernandez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Rault M (2009) Carboxylesterase activity in earthworm gut contents: potential (eco)toxicological implications. Comp Biochem Physiol - C Toxicol Pharmacol 150:503\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CBPC.2009.07.009","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol - C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2994_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.08.012","volume":"122","author":"JC Sanchez-Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Notario del Pino J, Dom\u00ednguez J (2015) Earthworm-induced carboxylesterase activity in soil: assessing the potential for detoxification and monitoring organophosphorus pesticides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 122:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.08.012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.06.011","volume":"36","author":"S Stepi\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stepi\u0107 S, Hackenberger BK, Velki M et al (2013) Effects of individual and binary-combined commercial insecticides endosulfan, temephos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl on biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia Andrei. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 36:715\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2013.06.011","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2994_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-10834-x","volume":"195","author":"NK Sujeeth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sujeeth NK, Aravinth R, Thandeeswaran M et al (2023) Toxicity analysis and biomarker response of quinalphos organophosphate insecticide (QOI) on eco-friendly exotic Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm. Environ Monit Assess 195:274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-022-10834-x","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123779","volume":"347","author":"N Thirumurugan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thirumurugan N, Nandy N, Amarnath P et al (2024) Expeditive Carbofuran pesticide degradation by submerged thermal plasma and its accelerated mineralization by persulfate addition. Environ Pollut 347:123779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123779","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008934505370","volume":"8","author":"HM Thompson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thompson HM (1999) Esterases as markers of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates. Ecotoxicology 8:369\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1008934505370","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.03.007","volume":"6","author":"RK Tiwari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tiwari RK, Singh S, Pandey RS (2019) Assessment of acute toxicity and biochemical responses to chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin and their combination exposed earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. Toxicol Rep 6:288\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.03.007","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.001","volume":"55","author":"H Uwizeyimana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uwizeyimana H, Wang M, Chen W, Khan K (2017) The eco-toxic effects of pesticide and heavy metal mixtures towards earthworms in soil. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 55:20\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.001","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.09.051","volume":"90","author":"M Velki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Velki M, Hackenberger BK (2013) Biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia Andrei exposed to pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin using different toxicity tests. Chemosphere 90:1216\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.09.051","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2011.640718","volume":"22","author":"JH Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang JH, Zhu LS, Liu W et al (2012) Biochemical responses of earthworm (Eisenia foetida) to the pesticides Chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate. Toxicol Mech Methods 22:236\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15376516.2011.640718","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"key":"2994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.10.030","volume":"174","author":"D Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu D, Li C, Wen Y, Liu W (2013) Antioxidant defense system responses and DNA damage of earthworms exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Environ Pollut 174:121\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.10.030","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2994_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/S10646-009-0333-2\/TABLES\/1","volume":"18","author":"Y Xue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xue Y, Gu X, Wang X et al (2009) The hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress for the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A. Ecotoxicology 18:693\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10646-009-0333-2\/TABLES\/1","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.03.037","volume":"142","author":"G Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang G, Chen C, Wang Y et al (2017) Mixture toxicity of four commonly used pesticides at different effect levels to the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 142:29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.03.037","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2994_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.064","volume":"227","author":"Y Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu Y, Li X, Yang G et al (2019) Joint toxic effects of cadmium and four pesticides on the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Chemosphere 227:489\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.064","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2994_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60462-7","volume":"23","author":"S Zhou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou S, Duan C, Michelle WHG et al (2011) Individual and combined toxic effects of Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos on earthworm. J Environ Sci 23:676\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60462-7","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T05:40:25Z","timestamp":1768023625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02994-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0963-9292","1573-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0963-9292","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not have any ethical issues related to human and animal subjects, as confirmed by all authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors give their consent for the publication of the results, images, tables and figures within the text that will be published in the journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}