{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:09:23Z","timestamp":1790284163476,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:23:34Z","timestamp":1764865414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acute cadmium toxicity in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 with a novel biomarker for aquatic risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdi","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2996_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v21_5_02","volume":"21","author":"M Alaama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alaama M, Abdualkader AM, Ghawi AM, Merzouk A, Khalid RS, Helaluddin ABM (2021) Assessment of trace heavy metals contamination in the tissues and saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 21(5):225\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4194\/1303-2712-v21_5_02","journal-title":"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2996_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ankush R, Lamba S, Deepika, Prakash R (2024) Cadmium in Environment\u2014An Overview. In: Cadmium Toxicity in Water: Challenges and Solutions, pp 3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-54005-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54005-9_1"},{"key":"2996_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1385\/bter:77:1:65","volume":"77","author":"M Asar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Asar M, Kayisli \u00dcA, N\u0131met \u0130zg\u00fct-Uysal V, \u00d6ner G, Kaya M, Polat S (2000) Cadmium-induced changes in epithelial cells of the rat stomach. Biol Trace Elem Res 77:65\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/bter:77:1:65","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-015-0014-7","volume":"2","author":"R Bhateria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhateria R, Jain D (2016) Water quality assessment of lake water: a review. Sustain Water Resour Manag 2(2):161\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40899-015-0014-7","journal-title":"Sustain Water Resour Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"2996_CR5","first-page":"167","volume":"29","author":"M Ceylan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ceylan M, Erbatur \u0130 (2012) A study on nutrition of medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820). Cannibalism? Ege J Fish Aqua Sci 29(4):167\u2013170","journal-title":"Cannibalism? Ege J Fish Aqua Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2996_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.22392\/actaquatr.874241","volume":"17","author":"M Ceylan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ceylan M, \u00c7etinkaya O, Bulut C (2021) Acute toxicity of zinc on Southern medicinal Leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Acta Aquat Turc 17(3):421\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22392\/actaquatr.874241","journal-title":"Acta Aquat Turc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2996_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12120875","volume":"12","author":"S Davidova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davidova S, Milushev V, Satchanska G (2024) The mechanisms of cadmium toxicity in living organisms. Toxics 12(8):875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12120875","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2024.85047","volume":"48","author":"S Do\u011fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Do\u011fan S, Farzali S, Karimova B, Sa\u011flam N (2024) Evaluation of methylene blue as an effective antiseptic for medicinal leeches (Hirudo verbana). Turkiye Parazitol Derg 48(2):96\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2024.85047","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2996_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1608\/FRJ-4.1.417","volume":"4","author":"JM Elliott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elliott JM, Kutschera U (2011) Medicinal leeches: historical use, ecology, genetics and conservation. Freshw Rev 4(1):21\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1608\/FRJ-4.1.417","journal-title":"Freshw Rev"},{"key":"2996_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102757","volume":"42","author":"Z Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan Z, Wang Y, Li C, Wu D, Wang L, Li J, Li J, Mio L, Xu H (2025) Effects of acute cadmium exposure on biochemistry, liver oxidative stress and transcriptomics in Songpu mirror carp (Cyprinus Carpio Songpu). Aquac Rep 42:102757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102757","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2996_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.05.008","volume":"88","author":"S Faxneld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faxneld S, J\u00f6rgensen TL, Tedengren M (2010) Effects of elevated water temperature, reduced salinity and nutrient enrichment on the metabolism of the coral Turbinaria mesenterina. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 88(4):482\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.05.008","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2996_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-1-22","volume":"1","author":"J Godt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Godt J, Scheidig F, Grosse-Siestrup C, Esche V, Brandenburg P, Reich A, Groneberg DA (2006) The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 1(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-6673-1-22","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2996_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-011-0859-z","volume":"98","author":"JP Hildebrandt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hildebrandt JP, Lemke S (2011) Small bite, large impact\u2013saliva and salivary molecules in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Naturwissenschaften 98(12):995\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-011-0859-z","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/1942661","volume":"54","author":"SH Hurlbert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hurlbert SH (1984) Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol Monogr 54(2):187\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1942661","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","volume":"7","author":"M Jaishankar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 7(2):60\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","journal-title":"Interdiscip Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2996_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.04.020","volume":"238","author":"L J\u00e4rup","year":"2009","unstructured":"J\u00e4rup L, \u00c5kesson A (2009) Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):201\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2009.04.020","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2996_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1017555322002","volume":"441","author":"M Kasparek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kasparek M, Demirsoy A, Akbulut A, Akbulut N, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan M, Durmu\u015f Y (2000) Distribution and status of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis L.) in Turkey. Hydrobiologia 441(1\u20133):37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1017555322002","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2996_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.12714\/egejfas.2004.21.1.5000156977","volume":"21","author":"S Katalay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Katalay S, Parlak H (2004) The effects of cadmium on erythrocyte structure of black goby (Gobius Niger L. 1758). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci 21(1\u20132):99\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12714\/egejfas.2004.21.1.5000156977","journal-title":"Ege J Fish Aqua Sci"},{"key":"2996_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0574-3","volume":"12","author":"N Kazanc\u0131","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kazanc\u0131 N, Ekingen P, D\u00fcgel M, T\u00fcrkmen G (2015) Hirudinea (Annelida) species and their ecological preferences in some running waters and lakes. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12:1087\u20131096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-014-0574-3","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2996_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2022.2084477","volume":"34","author":"I Khaled","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khaled I, Ahmed RB, Saidi I, Abbassi R, Abdelkader MO, Harrath AH (2022) Salicylic acid against the disruptive effects of cadmium induces oxidative stress and biochemical and histopathological changes in the ovary of the freshwater leech Limnatis Nilotica (Savigny, 1822). Environ Pollut Bioavailab 34(1):321\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26395940.2022.2084477","journal-title":"Environ Pollut Bioavailab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2996_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.25431\/1824-307X\/isj.v20i1.44-54","volume":"1822","author":"I Khaled","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaled I, Ben Ahmed R, Saidi I, Pac\u0131o\u011flu O, Harrath AH (2023) Cadmium exposure induced oxidative stress and histopathological disruption in the body wall of the freshwater leech Limnatis Nilotica. ISJ-Invertebr Surviv J 1822(1):44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25431\/1824-307X\/isj.v20i1.44-54. Savigny","journal-title":"ISJ-Invertebr Surviv J"},{"key":"2996_CR22","first-page":"1186","volume":"19","author":"M Kutlu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kutlu M, Tanatmis M, Iscan A, Ertorun N, \u00c7alim M (2010) Effect of copper on the body wall structures of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena 1820. Fresenius Environ Bull 19:1186\u20131190","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"2996_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.948","volume":"4","author":"S Kvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kvist S, Min GS, Siddall ME (2014) Diversity and selective pressures of anticoagulants in three medicinal leeches (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae, Macrobdellidae). Ecol Evol 4(7):918\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.948","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2996_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116600","volume":"236","author":"J-W Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee J-W, Jo A-H, Lee D-C, Choi CY, Kang J-C, Kim J-H (2023) Review of cadmium toxicity effects on fish: oxidative stress and immune responses. Environ Res 236:116600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116600","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2996_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(97)00084-2","volume":"41","author":"MG Lionetto","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lionetto MG, Vilella S, Trischitta F, Cappello MS, Giordano ME, Schettino T (1998) Effects of CdCl2 on electrophysiological parameters in the intestine of the teleost fish, Anguilla Anguilla. Aquat Toxicol 41(3):251\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-445X(97)00084-2","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2996_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100622","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, Jin L, Peng R (2022) Toxic effects of cadmium on fish. Toxics 10(10):622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10100622","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2996_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2010.503656","volume":"93","author":"J Machado","year":"2011","unstructured":"Machado J, Lopes-Lima M (2011) Calcification mechanism in freshwater mussels: potential targets for cadmium. Toxicol Environ Chem 93(9):1778\u20131787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02772248.2010.503656","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2996_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1926","volume":"31","author":"JC McGeer","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGeer JC, Brix KV, Skeaff JM, DeForest DK, Brigham SI, Adams WJ, Green A (2012) Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 31(9):2038\u20132048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.1926","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/14634980127708","volume":"4","author":"L Petrauskien\u0117","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petrauskien\u0117 L (2001) Water toxicity assessment using medicinal leeches. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 4(2):203\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14634980127708","journal-title":"Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/V10055-008-0012-2","volume":"54","author":"L Petrauskien\u0117","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrauskien\u0117 L (2008) Lethal effects of Zn, Cu and their mixture on the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana). Ekologija 54(2):77\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/V10055-008-0012-2","journal-title":"Ekologija"},{"issue":"4","key":"2996_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12711","volume":"96","author":"JPS Pinheiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinheiro JPS, Windsor FM, Wilson RW, Tyler CR (2021) Global variation in freshwater physico-chemistry and its influence on chemical toxicity in aquatic wildlife. Biol Rev 96(4):1528\u20131546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12711","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2996_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/d16120726","volume":"16","author":"OP Popa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Popa OP, \u0218tefan A, Baltag E\u0218, Stratan AA, Popa LO, Surugiu V (2024) High genetic diversity of Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida: hirudinea: Hirudinidae) in Romania confirms that the Balkans are refugia within refugium. Diversity 16(12):726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d16120726","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm263","volume":"102","author":"WC Prozialeck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prozialeck WC, Edwards JR, Nebert DW, Woods JM, Barchowsky A, Atchison WD (2008) The vascular system as a target of metal toxicity. Toxicol Sci 102(2):207\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm263","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2996_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7528-7","volume":"191","author":"Z Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman Z, Singh VP (2019) The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environ Monit Assess 191(7):419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-019-7528-7","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2996_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8908-6","volume":"25","author":"GN Saari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saari GN, Wang Z, Brooks BW (2018) Revisiting inland hypoxia: diverse exceedances of dissolved oxygen thresholds for freshwater aquatic life. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:3139\u20133150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-8908-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2996_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-016-0001-7","volume":"1","author":"N Saglam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saglam N, Saunders R, Lang SA, Shain DH (2016) A new species of Hirudo (Annelida: Hirudinidae): historical biogeography of Eurasian medicinal leeches. BMC Zool 1:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40850-016-0001-7","journal-title":"BMC Zool"},{"key":"2996_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119440","volume":"252","author":"P Saravanan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saravanan P, Saravanan V, Rajeshkannan R, Arnica G, Rajasimman M, Gurunathan B, Pugazhendhi A (2024) Comprehensive review on toxic heavy metals in the aquatic system: Sources, identification, treatment strategies, and health risk assessment. Environ Res 252:119440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119440","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2996_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07702-4","volume":"236","author":"V Saxena","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saxena V (2025) Water quality, air pollution, and climate change: investigating the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization. Water Air Soil Pollut 236:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-024-07702-4","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8403-1","volume":"56","author":"CA Shaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaw CA, Tomljenovic L (2013) Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 56(2):304\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-013-8403-1","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2996_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(93)90018-Y","volume":"11","author":"KL Shephard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shephard KL (1993) Mucus on the epidermis of fish and its influence on drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11(3):403\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-409X(93)90018-Y","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020147","volume":"11","author":"V Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh V, Singh N, Rai SN, Kumar A, Singh AK, Singh MP, Mishra V (2023) Heavy metal contamination in the aquatic ecosystem: toxicity and its remediation using eco-friendly approaches. Toxics 11(2):147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11020147","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2996_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","volume-title":"Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology","author":"PB Tchounwou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In: Luch A (ed) Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer, Basel, pp 133\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.1071","volume":"20","author":"S Utevsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Utevsky S, Zagmajster M, Atemasov A, Zinenko O, Utevska O, Utevsky A, Trontelj P (2010) Distribution and status of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo) in the Western palaearctic: Anthropogenic, ecological, or historical effects? Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 20(2):198\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aqc.1071","journal-title":"Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst"},{"key":"2996_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Utevsky S, Zagmajster M, Trontelj P (2014) Hirudo medicinalis. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T10190A21415816.en. e.T10190A21415816","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T10190A21415816.en"},{"issue":"4","key":"2996_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.01.008","volume":"49","author":"C Vieira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vieira C, Morais S, Ramos S, Delerue-Matos C, Oliveira MBPP (2011) Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species from the Atlantic ocean: Intra- and inter-specific variability and human health risks for consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 49(4):923\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2011.01.008","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2996_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.bjoms.2003.12.004","volume":"42","author":"IS Whitaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitaker IS, Rao J, Izadi D, Butler PE (2014) Historical article: Hirudo medicinalis: ancient origins of, and trends in the use of medicinal leeches throughout history. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 42(2):133\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.bjoms.2003.12.004","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2996_CR47","unstructured":"Wicklum DD (1994) The ecotoxicology of cadmium on freshwater leech. Master\u2019s thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"key":"2996_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900172","volume":"32","author":"D Wicklum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wicklum D, Smith DEC, Davies RW (1997) Mortality, preference, avoidance, and activity of a predatory leech exposed to cadmium. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32:178\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002449900172","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2996_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010097","volume":"11","author":"M Zarantoniello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zarantoniello M, Bortoletti M, Olivotto I, Ratti S, Poltronieri C, Negrato E, Bertotto D (2021) Salinity, temperature and ammonia acute stress response in seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles: A multidisciplinary study. Animals 11(1):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11010097","journal-title":"Animals"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T05:40:28Z","timestamp":1768023628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10646-025-02996-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0963-9292","1573-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0963-9292","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"According to current international and national regulations, including the European Directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and the U.S. Animal Welfare Act, the use of leeches (Hirudinea) in scientific research does not require approval from local ethics committees, as these invertebrates are not subject to animal experimentation legislation. All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}