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Many of these substances are endocrine disruptors, which interfere with the organism\u2019s physiology, particularly the immune and reproductive systems. We used 49 male\n                    <jats:italic>Leptodactylus fuscus<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected in agricultural areas (soybean and sugarcane) and urban environments in the states of Goi\u00e1s and S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil) and compared them with each other and with minimally affected specimens from an environmental conservation unit (Emas National Park \u2013 Goi\u00e1s). In the anthropized areas, there was an increase in the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The spleen of specimens collected in the different anthropized environments showed a decrease in white pulp, an increase in red pulp, an increase in mast cells, and a change in melanin pigmentation. In animals exposed to greater environmental disturbance, there was a tendency for an increase in the area occupied by spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. These results indicate that landscape anthropization is associated with multi-systemic physiological modifications, highlighting the role of tissue biomarkers in monitoring wild populations of\n                    <jats:italic>L. fuscus<\/jats:italic>\n                    under environmental stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-026-03140-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:37:07Z","timestamp":1787222227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological and reproductive effects of anthropized environments in Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Wadson Rodrigues","family":"Rezende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Serra","family":"de Lacerda Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia Raquel","family":"de Souza Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Franco-Belussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Classius","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3140_CR1","first-page":"61","volume":"11","author":"H Abdul-Majeed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdul-Majeed H (2008) Studies on haemopoiesis and histological aspects of Rana ridibunda spleen. 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