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The Gulf killifish,\n                    <jats:italic>Fundulus grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is an estuarine species inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico.\n                    <jats:italic>F. grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations from the Houston Ship Channel (Galveston Bay, Texas) have been previously shown to be resistant to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis via a recalcitrant aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. In this study, embryos from two\n                    <jats:italic>F. grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations collected from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor were exposed to varying doses of PCB-126 and evaluated for heart deformities at 144\u00a0h post fertilization. Both populations displayed significant resistance to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis compared to a reference population, representing the second documented cluster of adapted populations of\n                    <jats:italic>F. grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, these populations exhibited lower basal cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity (as measured via EROD assay) and reduced inducibility, indicating that a recalcitrant AHR pathway is at least partially responsible for the observed PCB resistance. Finally, we found that PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis and CYP1A induction were highly correlated at the population level; however, individual CYP1A activity did not predict cardiac deformity. We propose a theoretical model in which inter-individual variation in CYP1A response explains this discrepancy and offers a conceptual framework for understanding individual variation within adapted populations. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to persistent pollutants and further establish\n                    <jats:italic>F. grandis<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a valuable model for evolutionary toxicology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-026-03144-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:57:52Z","timestamp":1788271072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolved pollution tolerance in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor, Texas, USA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Rachel B.","family":"Walkup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cadance","family":"Swearingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"London R.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendall E.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole W.","family":"Matson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl093","volume":"94","author":"DS Antkiewicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Antkiewicz DS, Peterson RE, Heideman W (2006) Blocking expression of AHR2 and ARNT1 in zebrafish larvae protects against cardiac toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 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