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In this study, we evaluated the acute toxicity of thiamethoxam (96\u00a0h) in\n                    <jats:italic>Lithobates catesbeianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    tadpoles, determining lethal concentrations (LC\n                    <jats:sub>10\u221296\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sub>50\u201396\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sub>90\u201396\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and assessing subindividual effects, including genotoxicity (Comet assay), mutagenicity (Micronucleus test), and cytotoxicity, at environmentally relevant concentrations (lethal: 14.40\u20133516\u00a0\u00b5g a.i.\/L; subindividual: 9.4\u201359\u00a0\u00b5g a.i.\/L). The LC\n                    <jats:sub>10\u221296\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sub>50\u201396\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sub>90\u201396\u00a0h<\/jats:sub>\n                    were defined as 624.44, 1070.13, and 1833.03\u00a0\u00b5g a.i.\/L, confidence interval 95%, respectively. Subindividual exposure induced significant genotoxic effects at a concentration of 31\u00a0\u00b5g a.i.\/L, and mutagenic responses with an increased frequency of lobed nuclei, nuclear budding, and anucleated cells, especially at a concentration of 59\u00a0\u00b5g a.i.\/L. A positive correlation was observed between Comet assay parameters and nuclear abnormalities. Taken together, these findings demonstrate dose-dependent genomic damage and suggest links between distinct cellular alterations. Integrated with the lethal toxicity data, the results indicate that thiamethoxam disrupts essential cellular processes in amphibians, highlighting\n                    <jats:italic>L. catesbeianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a sensitive bioindicator, reinforcing the relevance of genotoxic and mutagenic biomarkers in assessing the impacts of neonicotinoids on aquatic ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-026-03154-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:18:49Z","timestamp":1790875129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmentally relevant concentrations of thiamethoxam cause cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3668-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Arantes","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3324-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miller Caldas","family":"Barradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ac\u00e1cio Arlem","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5607-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"da Silva Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9718-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor Borges","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1600-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a Rodrigues","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Bernardi","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1891-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Sofia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Almeida","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Althi\u00e9ris","family":"de Souza Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0362-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"De Melo e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3154_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.21608\/asejaiqjsae.2022.223119","volume":"43","author":"RK Abdel-Razik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel-Razik RK, Mosallam EM, Hamed NA (2022) Deterioration of Cytochrome C Content and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Brain of Male Rats after Sub-Chronic Exposure to Thiamethoxam and Protective Role of N- Acetylcysteine. 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