{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:39:50Z","timestamp":1792798790648,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["03F0981F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03F0981F"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Approximately 1.6\u00a0million tons of conventional munitions were dumped in German coastal waters. Corrosion of munition shells facilitates the leakage of explosives, such as the toxic and carcinogenic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), into the marine environment. Consequently, TNT contamination was detected in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms near munition dump sites, and is known to cause adverse effects in marine organisms. Accordingly, avoidance of contaminated areas would be advantageous for fish. We therefore hypothesized that fish respond to dissolved TNT and exhibit an avoidance reaction. To test this, we exposed three-spined sticklebacks (\n                    <jats:italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to environmentally relevant TNT concentrations and evaluated their behavioral response. Individual fish were placed in a behavioral test tank equipped with two hideout zones composed of artificial plants. The hideout zone occupied by the stickleback was infused with either TNT solution (100\u00a0\u00b5g\/L) or control water. Behavioral readouts included the time stickleback spent in the infused hideout zone, time until the exposed hideout zone was first left, and number of transitions between hideout zones. Sticklebacks did not exhibit significant behavioral responses to environmentally relevant TNT exposure. Consequently, fish inhabiting munition dump sites may experience chronic TNT exposure, potentially increasing long-term toxicological risks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:56:31Z","timestamp":1792752991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-spined sticklebacks do not respond behaviorally to environmentally relevant concentrations of the toxic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joy","family":"Willmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maj-Britt","family":"H\u00f6lzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Stegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike K. R.","family":"Kammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn Peter","family":"Scharsack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.029","volume":"163","author":"CVM Ara\u00fajo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo CVM, Rodr\u00edguez ENV, Salvatierra D, Cede\u00f1o-Macias LA, Vera-Vera VC, Moreira-Santos M, Ribeiro R (2016) Attractiveness of food and avoidance from contamination as conflicting stimuli to habitat selection by fish. Chemosphere 163:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.029","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"3169_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey HC, Spanggord RJ (1983) The relationship between the toxicity and structure of nitroaromatic chemicals. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium, 98\u2013107","DOI":"10.1520\/STP33500S"},{"key":"3169_CR3","unstructured":"Bailey HC, Spanggord RJ, Liu DHW, Javitz HS (1985) Toxicity of TNT wastewaters to aquatic organisms (Chronic Toxicity of LAP Wastewater and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene). Final report ADA164282. SRI International"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1163\/156853900502484","volume":"137","author":"I Barber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barber I, Arnott S (2000) Split-Clutch IVF: A technique to examine indirect fitness consequences of mate preferences in sticklebacks. Behaviour 137(7\u20138):1129\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853900502484","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"3169_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00141","volume":"5","author":"AJ Beck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beck AJ, Gledhill M, Schlosser C, Stamer B, B\u00f6ttcher C, Sternheim J, Greinert J, Achterberg EP (2018) Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters. Front Mar Sci 5:141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2018.00141","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"3169_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06974","volume":"53","author":"AJ Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck AJ, Van Der Lee EM, Eggert A, Stamer B, Gledhill M, Schlosser C, Achterberg EP (2019) In Situ Measurements of Explosive Compound Dissolution Fluxes from Exposed Munition Material in the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol 53(10):5652\u20135660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b06974","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151266","volume":"806","author":"AJ Beck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beck AJ, Gledhill M, Kampmeier M, Feng C, Schlosser C, Greinert J, Achterberg EP (2022) Explosives compounds from sea-dumped relic munitions accumulate in marine biota. Sci Total Environ 806:151266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151266","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"3169_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144115","volume":"372","author":"AJ Beck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beck AJ, Gledhill M, Gr\u00e4we U, Kampmeier M, Eggert A, Schlosser C, Stamer B, Greinert J, Achterberg EP (2025) Widespread environmental contamination from relic munitions in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 372:144115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144115","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"3169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.105189","volume":"162","author":"J Be\u0142dowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Be\u0142dowski J, Brenner M, Lehtonen KK (2020) Contaminated by war: A brief history of sea-dumping of munitions. Mar Environ Res 162:105189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.105189","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"3169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012730","volume":"5","author":"AR Benn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benn AR, Weaver PP, Billet DSM, Van Den Hove S, Murdock AP, Doneghan GB, Le Bas T (2010) Human Activities on the Deep Seafloor in the North East Atlantic: An Assessment of Spatial Extent. PLoS ONE 5(9):e12730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012730","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3169_CR11","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher C, Knobloch T, R\u00fchl N-P, Sternheim J, Wichert U, W\u00f6hler J (2011) Munitionsbelastung Der Deutschen Meeresgew\u00e4sser- Bestandsaufnahme Und Empfehlungen. Sekretariat Bund\/L\u00e4nder-Messprogramm f\u00fcr die Meeresumwelt von Nord- und Ostsee. BLMP) im Bundesamt f\u00fcr Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)"},{"issue":"9","key":"3169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.01.001","volume":"408","author":"C Della Torre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Della Torre C, Petochi T, Corsi I, Dinardo MM, Baroni D, Alcaro L, Focardi S, Tursi A, Marino G, Frigeri A, Amato E (2010) DNA damage, severe organ lesions and high muscle levels of As and Hg in two benthic fish species from a chemical warfare agent dumping site in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci Total Environ 408(9):2136\u20132145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.01.001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"3169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.04.008","volume":"128","author":"MH Edwards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edwards MH, Be\u0142dowski J (2016) Chemical munitions dumped at sea. Deep Sea Res Part II 128:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.04.008","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Part II"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.12.016","volume":"69","author":"H Ek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ek H, Nilsson E, Dave G (2008) Effects of TNT leakage from dumped ammunition on fish and invertebrates in static brackish water systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 69(1):104\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.12.016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"3169_CR15","unstructured":"Ernst M (2014) Als die Stadt brannte: Der 18. September 1944 in Bremerhaven-Weserm\u00fcnde (2. \u00fcberarbeitete Auflage). Sch\u00fcnemann. 978-3-944552-31-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-026-01408-6","volume":"38","author":"M Gabel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gabel M, Scharsack JP (2026) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in fish: A review on fish health, with an emphasis on leakage from marine-dumped legacy conventional munitions. Environ Sci Europe 38(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-026-01408-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Europe"},{"issue":"9","key":"3169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180916","volume":"18","author":"JA Hansen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hansen JA, Marr JCA, Lipton J, Cacela D, Bergman HL (1999) Differences in neurobehavioral responses of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper and cobalt: Behavioral avoidance. Environ Toxicol Chem 18(9):1972\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.5620180916","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620060303","volume":"6","author":"SI Hartwell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hartwell SI, Cherry DS, Cairns J (1987) Avoidance responses of schooling fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to a blend of metals during a 9-month exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 6(3):177\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.5620060303","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02995.x","volume":"35","author":"SI Hartwell","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hartwell SI, Jin JH, Cherry DS, Cairns J (1989) Toxicity versus avoidance response of golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, to five metals. J Fish Biol 35(3):447\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02995.x","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"3169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78858-1_2","volume-title":"Analytiker-Taschenbuch","author":"W Huber","year":"1994","unstructured":"Huber W (1994) Nachweis-, Erfassungs- und Bestimmungsgrenze. In: G\u00fcnzler H, Bordsorf R, Danzer K, Fresenius W, Huber W, L\u00fcderwald I, T\u00f6lg G, Wisser H (eds) Analytiker-Taschenbuch, vol 12. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-78858-1_2"},{"issue":"8","key":"3169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02420.x","volume":"75","author":"FA Huntingford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huntingford FA, Ruiz-Gomez ML (2009) Three\u2010spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus as a model for exploring behavioural biology. J Fish Biol 75(8):1943\u20131976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02420.x","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-00942-5","volume":"36","author":"U Kammann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kammann U, T\u00f6pker V, Schmidt N, R\u00f6diger M, Aust M-O, Gabel M, Scharsack JP (2024) Explosives leaking from dumped munition contaminate fish from German coastal waters: A reason for chronic effects? Environ Sci Europe 36(1):116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-024-00942-5","journal-title":"Environ Sci Europe"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-025-01074-0","volume":"37","author":"UKR Kammann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kammann UKR, T\u00f6pker V, Scharsack JP (2025) Tracking explosive contaminants from dumped munition in the western Baltic Sea via urine and bile analysis of three flatfish species. Environ Sci Europe 37(1):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-025-01074-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Europe"},{"key":"3169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2020.104108","volume":"198","author":"M Kampmeier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kampmeier M, Van Der Lee EM, Wichert U, Greinert J (2020) Exploration of the munition dumpsite Kolberger Heide in Kiel Bay, Germany: Example for a standardised hydroacoustic and optic monitoring approach. Cont Shelf Res 198:104108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csr.2020.104108","journal-title":"Cont Shelf Res"},{"key":"3169_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.11.002","volume":"97","author":"M Kent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent M, Bell AM (2018) Changes in behavior and brain immediate early gene expression in male threespined sticklebacks as they become fathers. Horm Behav 97:102\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.11.002","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"3169_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081116","volume":"8","author":"AJ King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King AJ, F\u00fcrtbauer I, Mamuneas D, James C, Manica A (2013) Sex-Differences and Temporal Consistency in Stickleback Fish Boldness. PLoS ONE 8(12):e81116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081116","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3169_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.105345","volume":"217","author":"D Koske","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koske D, Goldenstein NI, Kammann U (2019) Nitroaromatic compounds damage the DNA of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 217:105345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.105345","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"3169_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111131","volume":"155","author":"D Koske","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koske D, Straumer K, Goldenstein NI, Hanel R, Lang T, Kammann U (2020) First evidence of explosives and their degradation products in dab (Limanda limanda L.) from a munition dumpsite in the Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 155:111131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111131","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"3169_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu D, Bailey H, Pearson J (1983) Toxicity of a Complex Munitions Wastewater to Aquatic Organisms. In W. Bishop, R. Cardwell, & B. Heidolph, Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium (pp. 135\u2013150). ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428\u2009\u2013\u20092959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP33503S","DOI":"10.1520\/STP33503S"},{"issue":"7","key":"3169_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.02.009","volume":"73","author":"GR Lotufo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lotufo GR, Blackburn W, Marlborough SJ, Fleeger JW (2010) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TNT in marine fish in sediment exposures. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73(7):1720\u20131727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.02.009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"3169_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.11.016","volume":"194","author":"E Mariussen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mariussen E, Stornes SM, B\u00f8ifot KO, Rosseland BO, Salbu B, Heier LS (2018) Uptake and effects of 2, 4, 6\u2014Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquat Toxicol 194:176\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.11.016","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3169_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03045-9","volume":"95","author":"E Maser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maser E, Strehse JS (2021) Can seafood from marine sites of dumped World War relicts be eaten? Arch Toxicol 95(7):2255\u20132261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-021-03045-9","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3169_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159324","volume":"857","author":"E Maser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maser E, B\u00fcnning TH, Brenner M, Van Haelst S, De Rijcke M, M\u00fcller P, Wichert U, Strehse JS (2023) Warship wrecks and their munition cargos as a threat to the marine environment and humans: The V 1302 JOHN MAHN from World War II. Sci Total Environ 857:159324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159324","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"3169_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03834-y","volume":"98","author":"E Maser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maser E, Buenning TH, Strehse JS (2024) How contaminated is flatfish living near World Wars\u2019 munition dumping sites with energetic compounds? Arch Toxicol 98(11):3825\u20133836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03834-y","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"3169_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald J (2009) Demonstration of the Marine Towed Array on Bahia Salinas del Sur Vieques\u2014Final Report. ESTCP Rep, pp MM\u20130324","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA520620"},{"key":"3169_CR36","unstructured":"Meltytech LLC (2024) Shotcut (Version 25.01.25) [Computer software]. Meltytech, LLC. https:\/\/shotcut.org\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1021\/es087088h","volume":"42","author":"PGBAN Nakayama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakayama PGBAN (2008) What Lies Beneath: A Plea for Complete Information. Environ Sci Technol 42(5):1394\u20131399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es087088h","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR39","first-page":"485","volume":"46","author":"MW Nay","year":"1974","unstructured":"Nay MW, Randall CW, King PH (1974) Biological treatability of trinitrotoluene manufacturing wastewater. Water Pollution Control Federation 46(3):485\u2013497","journal-title":"Water Pollution Control Federation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010253","volume":"41","author":"M Nipper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nipper M, Carr RS, Hooten RL, Biedenbach JM, Miller K, Saepoff S (2001) Development of Marine Toxicity Data for Ordnance Compounds. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 41(3):308\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002440010253","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"3169_CR41","unstructured":"OBS Project (2024) Open Broadcast Software (Version 31.1.1) [Computer software]. OBS Project. https:\/\/obsproject.com\/de"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsac073","volume":"79","author":"AB Olin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olin AB, Olsson J, Ekl\u00f6f JS, Eriksson BK, Kaljuste O, Briekmane L, Bergstr\u00f6m U (2022) Increases of opportunistic species in response to ecosystem change: The case of the Baltic Sea three-spined stickleback. ICES J Mar Sci 79(5):1419\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsac073","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3169_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz078","volume":"76","author":"J Olsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olsson J, Jakubavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 E, Kaljuste O, Larsson N, Bergstr\u00f6m U, Casini M, Cardinale M, Hjelm J, Bystr\u00f6m P (2019) The first large-scale assessment of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) biomass and spatial distribution in the Baltic Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 76(6):1653\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz078","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"3169_CR44","unstructured":"Pederson GL (1970) Evaluation of toxicity of selected TNT wastes on fish, Phase 1: Acute toxicity of alpha-TNT to bluegills. Final Report 24-007-70\/71. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency"},{"issue":"7","key":"3169_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1139\/F09-069","volume":"66","author":"PD Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson PD (2009) Behavioural toxicity of organic chemical contaminants in fish: Application to ecological risk assessments (ERAs). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 66(7):1179\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/F09-069","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3169_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(03)00109-0","volume":"135","author":"T Schaarschmidt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schaarschmidt T, J\u00fcrss K (2003) Locomotory capacity of Baltic Sea and freshwater populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A: Mol Integr Physiol 135(3):411\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1095-6433(03)00109-0","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A: Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"3169_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2021.105264","volume":"167","author":"R Schuster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuster R, Strehse JS, Ahvo A, Turja R, Maser E, Bickmeyer U, Lehtonen KK, Brenner M (2021) Exposure to dissolved TNT causes multilevel biological effects in Baltic mussels (Mytilus spp). Mar Environ Res 167:105264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2021.105264","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"3169_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.127","volume":"642","author":"DCVR Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva DCVR, Ara\u00fajo CVM, Marassi RJ, Cardoso-Silva S, Neto MB, Silva GC, Ribeiro R, Silva FT, Paiva TCB, Pomp\u00eao MLM (2018) Influence of interspecific interactions on avoidance response to contamination. Sci Total Environ 642:824\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.127","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"3169_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03435.x","volume":"81","author":"KA Sloman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sloman KA, McNeil PL (2012) Using physiology and behaviour to understand the responses of fish early life stages to toxicants. J Fish Biol 81(7):2175\u20132198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03435.x","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3169_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(76)90191-3","volume":"10","author":"LA Smock","year":"1976","unstructured":"Smock LA, Stoneburner DL, Clark JR (1976) The toxic effects of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its primary degradation products on two species of algae and the fathead minnow. Water Res 10(6):537\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0043-1354(76)90191-3","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3169_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(68)90048-1","volume":"2","author":"JB Sprague","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sprague JB (1968) Avoidance reactions of rainbow trout to zinc sulphate solutions. Water Res 2(5):367\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0043-1354(68)90048-1","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"3169_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sprague JB, Drury DE (1969) Avoidance reactions of salmonid fish to representative pollutants. In Advances in Water Pollution Research (pp. 169\u2013179). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-012999-0.50024-1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-012999-0.50024-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"3169_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/13921657.1999.10512293","volume":"9","author":"G Svecevi\u010dius","year":"1999","unstructured":"Svecevi\u010dius G (1999) Fish Avoidance Response to Heavy Metals and their Mixtures. Acta Zool Lituanica 9(2):103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13921657.1999.10512293","journal-title":"Acta Zool Lituanica"},{"key":"3169_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Talmage SS, Opresko DM, Maxwell CJ, Welsh CJE, Cretella FM, Reno PH, Daniel FB (1999) Nitroaromatic Munition Compounds: Environmental Effects and Screening Values. In G. W. Ware (Ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 161, pp. 1\u2013156). Springer New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-6427-7_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6427-7_1"},{"key":"3169_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.02.021","volume":"174","author":"KB Tierney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tierney KB (2016) Chemical avoidance responses of fishes. Aquat Toxicol 174:228\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.02.021","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3169_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.666","volume":"3","author":"RM Tinghitella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tinghitella RM, Weigel EG, Head M, Boughman JW (2013) Flexible mate choice when mates are rare and time is short. Ecol Evol 3(9):2820\u20132831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.666","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3169_CR59","unstructured":"Ukegbu AA (1986) Life History Patterns and Reproduction in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L). University of Glasgow"},{"key":"3169_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115865","volume":"198","author":"AA Vedenin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vedenin AA, Kr\u00f6ncke I, Beck AJ, Bodenbinder A, Chrysagi E, Gr\u00e4we U, Kampmeier M, Greinert J (2024) Spatial structure and biodiversity of macrofauna around marine munition dumpsites \u2013 A case study from the Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 198:115865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115865","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"3169_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.201600163","volume":"42","author":"\u00d8A Voie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Voie \u00d8A, Mariussen E (2017) Risk Assessment of Sea Dumped Conventional Munitions. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 42(1):98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prep.201600163","journal-title":"Propellants Explos Pyrotech"},{"issue":"12","key":"3169_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1897\/06-067R.1","volume":"25","author":"LJ Yoo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoo LJ, Lotufo GR, Gibson AB, Steevens JA, Sims JG (2006) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ Toxicol Chem 25(12):3253\u20133260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/06-067R.1","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"}],"container-title":["Ecotoxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:03:57Z","timestamp":1792796637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10646-026-03169-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0963-9292","1573-3017"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0963-9292","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3017","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures were conducted in accordance with European directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Experimental animals were treated according to animal testing application requirements with ethical approval by the local animal welfare authorities (project number 176 500-427-103-1\/2020-2-5).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"199"}}