{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:55:24Z","timestamp":1789444524925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T08:44:57Z","timestamp":1297932297000},"page":"623-630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Increasing trend of primary NO2 exhaust emission fraction in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Linwei","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin Fai","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun Cheng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignatius T. S.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9375_CR1","unstructured":"Abbott, J., & Stedman, J. (2006). Primary nitrogen dioxide emissions from road traffic: analysis of monitoring data. Technical Report AEAT\/ENV\/R\/1925, AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre."},{"key":"9375_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1021\/es903722p","volume":"44","author":"G. A. Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop, G. A., Peddle, A. M., Stedman, D. H., & Zhan, T. (2010). On-road emission measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds from three California cities. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 3616\u20133620.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"9375_CR3","unstructured":"Boulter, P., McCrae, I., & Green, J. (2007). Primary NO2 emissions from road vehicles in the Hatfield and Bell common tunnels. Technical report, Transport Research Foundation."},{"key":"9375_CR4","unstructured":"CAI-Asia. (2006). City Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management: Hong Kong SAR. Technical report."},{"key":"9375_CR5","unstructured":"Carslaw, D., & Ropkins, K. (2010). openair: Open-source tools for analyzing air pollution data. http:\/\/www.openair-project.org\/downloads\/openair2010-10-04.pdf ."},{"issue":"26","key":"9375_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.06.023","volume":"39","author":"D. C. Carslaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C. (2005). Evidence of an increasing NO2\/NO x emissions ratio from road traffic emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 39(26), 4793\u20134802.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"9375_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.12.008","volume":"38","author":"D. C. Carslaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C., & Beevers, S. D. (2004a). New directions: Should road vehicle emissions legislation consider primary NO2? Atmospheric Environment, 38(8), 1233\u20131234.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"9375_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.08.053","volume":"39","author":"D. C. Carslaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C., & Beevers, S. D. (2005). Estimations of road vehicle primary NO2 exhaust emission fractions using monitoring data in London. Atmospheric Environment, 39(1), 167\u2013177.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"10","key":"9375_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.074","volume":"41","author":"D. C. Carslaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C., Beevers, S. D., & Bell, M. C. (2007). Risks of exceeding the hourly EU limit value for nitrogen dioxide resulting from increased road transport emissions of primary nitrogen dioxide. Atmospheric Environment, 41(10), 2073\u20132082.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"22","key":"9375_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.041","volume":"38","author":"D. C. Carslaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C., & Beevers, S. D. (2004b). Investigating the potential importance of primary NO2 emissions in a street canyon. Atmospheric Environment, 38(22), 3585\u20133594.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"36","key":"9375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00378-8","volume":"35","author":"L. Clapp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clapp, L., & Jenkin, M. (2001). Analysis of the relationship between ambient levels Of O-3, NO2 and NO as a function of NO chi in the UK. Atmospheric Environment, 35(36), 6391\u20136405.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"9375_CR12","unstructured":"EPD. (2006). Air quality in Hong Kong 2006: A report on the results from the Air quality monitoring network (AQMN). Technical Report EPD\/TR 01\/07, Environmental Protection Department."},{"key":"9375_CR13","unstructured":"EPD. (2007a). Air quality in Hong Kong 2007: A report on the results from the Air quality monitoring network (AQMN). Technical Report EPD\/TR 01\/08, Environmental Protection Department."},{"key":"9375_CR14","unstructured":"EPD. (2007b). One-off grant to encourage early replacement of pre-euro and euro i diesel commercial vehicles with new ones complying with the prevailing statutory emission standard. Technical Report FCR(2006-07)41, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR."},{"key":"9375_CR15","unstructured":"EPD. (2008). Air quality in Hong Kong 2008: A report on the results from the Air quality monitoring network (AQMN). Technical Report EPD\/TR 01\/09, Environmental Protection Department."},{"key":"9375_CR16","unstructured":"EPD. (2009). Annual air quality statistics 2009 (Preliminary). Technical report, Environmental Protection Department."},{"key":"9375_CR17","unstructured":"EPD. (2010a). Air polltuion control strategies. [online] http:\/\/www.epd.gov.hk\/epd\/english\/environmentinhk\/air\/prob_solutions\/strategies_apc.html ."},{"key":"9375_CR18","unstructured":"EPD. (2010b). Problems and solutions: cleaning the air at street level. [online] http:\/\/www.epd.gov.hk\/epd\/english\/environmentinhk\/air\/prob_solutions\/cleaning_air_atroad.html ."},{"key":"9375_CR19","volume-title":"Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring","author":"R. O. Gilbert","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gilbert, R. O. (1987). Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"9375_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1021\/es9008294","volume":"43","author":"J. D. Herner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herner, J. D., Hu, S., Robertson, W. H., Huai, T., Collins, J. F., Dwyer, H., & Ayala, A. (2009). Effect of advanced aftertreatment for PM and NO(x) control on heavy-duty diesel truck emissions. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 5928\u20135933.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9375_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1029\/WR018i001p00107","volume":"18","author":"R. M. Hirsch","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hirsch, R. M., Slack, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (1982). Techniques of Trend analysis for monthly water quality data. Water Resources Research, 18(1), 107\u2013121.","journal-title":"Water Resources Research"},{"issue":"30","key":"9375_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.05.055","volume":"38","author":"M. E. Jenkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jenkin, M. E. (2004). Analysis of sources and partitioning of oxidant in the UK\u2014Part 2: Contributions of nitrogen dioxide emissions and background ozone at a kerbside location in London. Atmospheric Environment, 38(30), 5131\u20135138.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"31","key":"9375_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.028","volume":"42","author":"M. E. Jenkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jenkin, M. E., Watson, L. A., Utembe, S. R., & Shallcross, D. E. (2008). A common representative intermediates (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 1: Gas phase mechanism development. Atmospheric Environment, 42(31), 7185\u20137195.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"9375_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1243\/14680874JER04009","volume":"10","author":"T. V. Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson, T. V. (2009). Review of diesel emissions and control. International Journal of Engine Research, 10(5), 275\u2013285.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engine Research"},{"issue":"31","key":"9375_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.043","volume":"43","author":"M. Keuken","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keuken, M., Roemer, M., & van den Elshout, S. (2009). Trend analysis of urban NO2 concentrations and the importance of direct NO2 emissions versus ozone\/NO x equilibrium. Atmospheric Environment, 43(31), 4780\u20134783.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"9","key":"9375_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.076166","volume":"62","author":"F. W. Ko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ko, F. W., Tam, W., Wong, T. W., Chan, D. P., Tung, A. H., Lai, C. K., & Hui, D. S. (2007). Temporal relationship between air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong. Thorax, 62(9), 780\u20135.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"13","key":"9375_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1021\/es1006669","volume":"44","author":"D. E. Millstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Millstein, D. E., & Harley, R. A. (2010). Effects of retrofitting emission control systems on in-use heavy diesel vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(13), 5042\u20135048.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"9375_CR28","unstructured":"of Hong Kong SAR, E. B. (2009). Air quality objectives review: Public consultation. Technical report."},{"issue":"31","key":"9375_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.034","volume":"43","author":"M. Rexeis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rexeis, M., & Hausberger, S. (2009). Trend of vehicle emission levels until 2020\u2014Prognosis based on current vehicle measurements and future emission legislation. Atmospheric Environment, 43(31), 4689\u20134698.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"9375_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00143905","volume":"27","author":"E. Samoli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Samoli, E., Aga, E., Touloumi, G., Nisiotis, K., Forsberg, B., Lefranc, A., Pekkanen, J., Wojtyniak, B., Schindler, C., Niciu, E., Brunstein, R., Dodic Fikfak, M., Schwartz, J., & Katsouyanni, K. (2006). Short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project. European Respiratory Journal, 27(6), 1129\u20131138.","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"9375_CR31","unstructured":"Team, R. D. C. (2010). R: A language and environment for statistical computing."},{"key":"9375_CR32","unstructured":"U.S.EPA. (2008). Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen-health criteria (Final report). Technical report."},{"issue":"1","key":"9375_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0211067","volume":"110","author":"C. M. Wong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wong, C. M., Atkinson, R. W., Anderson, H. R., Hedley, A. J., Ma, S., Chau, P. Y., & Lam, T. H. (2002a). A tale of two cities: effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 67\u201377.","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"9375_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109335","volume":"109","author":"C. M. Wong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wong, C. M., Ma, S., Hedley, A. J., & Lam, T. H. (2001). Effect of air pollution on daily mortality in Hong Kong. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(4), 335\u2013340.","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"9","key":"9375_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11257","volume":"116","author":"C. M. Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong, C. M., Vichit-Vadakan, N., Kan, H., & Qian, Z. (2008). Public health and air pollution in Asia (PAPA): A multicity study of short-term effects of air pollution on mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(9), 1195\u20131202.","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"10","key":"9375_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.10.679","volume":"56","author":"T. W. Wong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wong, T. W., Lau, T. S., Yu, T. S., Neller, A., Wong, S. L., Tam, W., & Pang, S. W. (1999). Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(10), 679\u2013683.","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"9375_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.1.30","volume":"59","author":"T. W. Wong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wong, T. W., Tam, W. S., Yu, T. S., & Wong, A. H. S. (2002b). Associations between daily mortalities from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and air pollution in Hong Kong, China. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 30\u201335.","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"9375_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12723","DOI":"10.5194\/acpd-5-12723-2005","volume":"5","author":"X. Yao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yao, X., Lau, N. T., Chan, C. K., & Fang, M. (2005). The use of tunnel concentration profile data to determine the ratio of NO2\/NO x directly emitted from vehicles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5, 12723\u201312740.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions"},{"issue":"10","key":"9375_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.11.035","volume":"38","author":"J. Z. Yu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yu, J. Z., Tung, J. W. T., Wu, A. W. M., Lau, A. K. H., Louie, P. K. K., & Fung, J. C. H. (2004). Abundance and seasonal characteristics of elemental and organic carbon in Hong Kong PM10. Atmospheric Environment, 38(10), 1511\u20131521.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T16:36:32Z","timestamp":1559234192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9375-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]]}}}