{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:48:08Z","timestamp":1777891688783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004434","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Human activities, largely tied to fossil fuels and intensive agriculture, emit massive amounts of climate-altering species and harmful pollutants into the atmosphere that affect soil, ecosystems, and water. Air quality monitoring is crucial to minimize harmful effects and protect human and environmental health. The Greve River basin (Tuscany, central Italy) represents an excellent example of an ecosystem affected by various anthropogenic air contaminants. The upstream areas are predominantly rural, while the downstream zones are characterized by urban and industrial development. Air pollutants throughout the basin were measured adopting two strategies: (i) fixed monitoring at five sites using multiparametric stations equipped with low-cost sensors for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations; (ii) measurements along a transect using a mobile monitoring station equipped with a Picarro G2201-<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic> analyzer for the determination of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> concentrations and <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\/<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>C values of the two gases. Results revealed relatively high CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> concentrations downstream, mainly due to vehicular traffic based on the isotopic signature. The temporal and spatial distribution of the contaminants mirrored the evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer, with peak concentrations in the early morning due to stable atmospheric conditions, and contaminant dilution due to air turbulence during the daytime. Particulate (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) distribution showed a trend similar to gaseous pollutants, being strongly dependent on wind speed and rainfall events. The high spatiotemporal resolution of data acquisition provided by the low-cost stations for air quality measurements represents an important advance for developing monitoring strategies, complementing the traditional instrumentation commonly used by agencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T02:51:09Z","timestamp":1743303069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Traditional and low-cost technical approaches for investigating greenhouse gases and particulate matter distribution along an urban-to-rural transect (Greve River Basin, Central Italy)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Venturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Frezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Tassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6398","key":"2456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7204","volume":"361","author":"RA Alvarez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvarez, R. A., Zavala-Araiza, D., Lyon, D. R., Allen, D. T., Barkley, Z. R., Brandt, A. R., Davis, K. J., Herndon, S. C., Jacob, D. J., Karion, A., & Kort, E. A. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science, 361(6398), 186\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aar7204","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2456_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00891","author":"JS Apte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Apte, J. S., Messier, K. P., Gani, S., Brauer, M., Kirchstetter, T. W., Lunden, M. M., Marshall, J. D., Portier, C. J., Vermeulen, R. C. H., & Hamburg, S. P. (2017). High-resolution air pollution mapping with google street view cars: Exploiting big data. Environmental Science & Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b00891","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2456_CR3","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 di Bacino del Fiume Arno. (2023). Autorit\u00e0 di Bacino del Fiume Arno. http:\/\/www.adbarno.it\/adb\/?page_id=833"},{"key":"2456_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2022.119021","volume":"276","author":"S Bakkaloglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., Menoud, M., Lanoisell\u00e9, M., Chen, H., R\u00f6ckmann, T., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Stable isotopic signatures of methane from waste sources through atmospheric measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 276, 119021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2022.119021","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"6013","key":"2456_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196808","volume":"331","author":"D Bastviken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bastviken, D., Tranvik, L. J., Downing, J. A., Crill, P. M., & Enrich-Prast, A. (2011). Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink. Science, 331(6013), 50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1196808","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2456_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2012.03.006","volume":"124","author":"C Bayer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bayer, C., Gomes, J., Vieira, F. C. B., Zanatta, J. A., de C\u00e1ssia Piccolo, M., & Dieckow, J. (2012). Methane emission from soil under long-term no-till cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research, 124, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2012.03.006","journal-title":"Soil and Tillage Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2456_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JG005474","volume":"125","author":"JJ Beaulieu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beaulieu, J. J., Waldo, S., Balz, D. A., Barnett, W., Hall, A., Platz, M. C., & White, K. M. (2020). Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from reservoirs: Controls and upscaling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 125(12), 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JG005474","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2456_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29772","volume":"10","author":"R Biagi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biagi, R., Ferrari, M., Venturi, S., Sacco, M., Montegrossi, G., & Tassi, F. (2024). Development and machine learning-based calibration of low-cost multiparametric stations for the measurement of CO2 and CH4 in air. Heliyon, 10, 29772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29772","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2456_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-3-1477-2003","volume":"3","author":"N Bukowiecki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bukowiecki, N., Dommen, J., Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., & Baltensperger, U. (2003). Fine and ultrafine particles in the Zurich (Switzerland) area measured with a mobile laboratory: An assessment of the seasonal and regional variation throughout a year. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 1477\u20131494.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2456_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071919","volume":"20","author":"F Carotenuto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carotenuto, F., Brilli, L., Gioli, B., Gualtieri, G., Vagnoli, C., Mazzola, M., Pietro Viola, A., Vitale, V., Severi, M., Traversi, R., & Zaldei, A. (2020). Long-term performance assessment of low-cost atmospheric sensors in the arctic environment. Sensors, 20(7), 1919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071919","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2456_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.09.008","volume":"27\u201328","author":"DC Carslaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carslaw, D. C., & Ropkins, K. (2012). Openair\u2014An r package for air quality data analysis. Environmental Modelling and Software, 27\u201328, 52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.09.008","journal-title":"Environmental Modelling and Software"},{"issue":"9","key":"2456_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092843","volume":"18","author":"A Cavaliere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavaliere, A., Carotenuto, F., Di Gennaro, F., Gioli, B., Gualtieri, G., Martelli, F., Matese, A., Toscano, P., Vagnoli, C., & Zaldei, A. (2018). Development of low-cost air quality stations for next generation monitoring networks: Calibration and validation of PM 2.5 and PM 10 sensors. Sensors, 18(9), 2843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18092843","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2456_CR13","unstructured":"Cimoli F. (2014). Euglena sanguinea Eherenberg, (1831) nel fiume Greve (Toscana): fioritura nell\u2019estate del 2013. Biologia Ambientale. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/266922274_Euglena_sanguinea_Eherenberg_1831_nel_fiume_Greve_Toscana_fioritura_nell\u2019estate_del_2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"2456_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112478","volume":"17","author":"AL Clements","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clements, A. L., Griswold, W. G., Abhijit, R. S., Johnston, J. E., Herting, M. M., Thorson, J., Collier-Oxandale, A., & Hannigan, M. (2017). Low-cost air quality monitoring tools: From research to practice (a workshop summary). Sensors, 17(11), 2478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17112478","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-3569-2018","volume":"11","author":"A Collier-Oxandale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Collier-Oxandale, A., Casey, J. G., Piedrahita, R., Ortega, J., Halliday, H., Johnston, J., & Hannigan, M. P. (2018). Assessing a low-cost methane sensor quantification system for use in complex rural and urban environments. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 11(6), 3569\u20133594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-11-3569-2018","journal-title":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"},{"key":"2456_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac00e2","author":"M Crippa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pisoni, E., Solazzo, E., Guion, A., Muntean, M., Florczyk, A., Schiavina, M., Melchiorri, M., & Hutfilter, A. F. (2021). Global anthropogenic emissions in urban areas: Patterns, trends, and challenges. Environmental Research Letters. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac00e2","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"2456_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102239","volume":"60","author":"P Desouza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desouza, P., Anjomshoaa, A., Duarte, F., Kahn, R., Kumar, P., & Ratti, C. (2020). Senseable City Lab: Massachusetts Institute of Technology SENSEABLE CITY LAB Air quality monitoring using mobile low-cost sensors mounted on trash-trucks: Methods development and lessons learned. Sustainable Cities and Society, 60, 102239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102239","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"21","key":"2456_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.03.064","volume":"45","author":"E Dons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dons, E., Int Panis, L., Van Poppel, M., Theunis, J., Willems, H., Torfs, R., & Wets, G. (2011). Impact of time-activity patterns on personal exposure to black carbon. Atmospheric Environment, 45(21), 3594\u20133602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.03.064","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2456_CR19","unstructured":"EEA\u2014European Environment Agency. (2023). Harm to human health from air pollution in Europe: burden of disease 2023\u2014European Environment Agency. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/harm-to-human-health-from-air-pollution"},{"key":"2456_CR20","unstructured":"Energy Agency, I. (2016). Energy and air pollution\u2014World energy outlook 2016 special report. www.iea.org\/t&c\/"},{"key":"2456_CR21","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. (2024). Europe\u2019s air quality status 2023\u2014European Environment Agency. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/europes-air-quality-status-2023"},{"key":"2456_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RSER.2023.114071","volume":"191","author":"T Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, T., Sun, Y., Shi, Y., Ma, J., Feng, C., & Chen, Z. (2024). Air pollution control policies and impacts: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RSER.2023.114071","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"29","key":"2456_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00290-3","volume":"33","author":"J Fenger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fenger, J. (1999). Urban air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 33(29), 4877\u20134900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00290-3","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2456_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.05.010","volume":"35","author":"M G\u00f3rka","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00f3rka, M., & Lewicka-Szczebak, D. (2013). One-year spatial and temporal monitoring of concentration and carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 in a Wroc\u0142aw (SW Poland) city area. Applied Geochemistry, 35, 7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.05.010","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2456_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-5281-2018","volume":"22","author":"A Grinham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grinham, A., Albert, S., Deering, N., Dunbabin, M., Bastviken, D., Sherman, B., Lovelock, C. E., & Evans, C. D. (2018). The importance of small artificial water bodies as sources of methane emissions in Queensland, Australia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(10), 5281\u20135298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-22-5281-2018","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"},{"key":"2456_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gryech, I., Ben-Aboud, Y., Guermah, B., Sbihi, N., Ghogho, M., & Kobbane, A. (2020). MoreAir: A low-cost urban air pollution monitoring system. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20040998","DOI":"10.3390\/s20040998"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2456_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0690-x","volume":"342","author":"AA Hartmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hartmann, A. A., Buchmann, N., & Niklaus, P. A. (2011). A study of soil methane sink regulation in two grasslands exposed to drought and N fertilization. Plant and Soil, 342(1\u20132), 265\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11104-010-0690-x","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"2456_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.057","volume":"113","author":"I Heimann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heimann, I., Bright, V. B., McLeod, M. W., Mead, M. I., Popoola, O. A. M., Stewart, G. B., & Jones, R. L. (2015). Source attribution of air pollution by spatial scale separation using high spatial density networks of low-cost air quality sensors. Atmospheric Environment, 113, 10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.04.057","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00305.x","volume":"26","author":"M Hendryx","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hendryx, M., Fedorko, E., & Halverson, J. (2010). Pollution sources and mortality rates across rural-urban areas in the United States. Journal of Rural Health, 26(4), 383\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00305.x","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"2456_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"BQ Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho, B. Q. (2012). Urban air pollution. Air Pollution Monitoring, Modelling and Health, 66, 1\u201338.","journal-title":"Air Pollution Monitoring, Modelling and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2456_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2654","volume":"9","author":"MA Holgerson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holgerson, M. A., & Raymond, P. A. (2016). Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds. Nature Geoscience, 9(3), 222\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo2654","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"key":"2456_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000381","volume":"4","author":"FM Hopkins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hopkins, F. M., Ehleringer, J. R., Bush, S. E., Duren, R. M., Miller, C. E., Lai, C.-T., Hsu, Y.-K., Carranza, V., & Randerson, J. T. (2016). Mitigation of methane emissions in cities: How new measurements and partnerships can contribute to emissions reduction strategies. Earth\u2019s Future, 4, 408\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016EF000381","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(58)90033-4","volume":"13","author":"CD Keeling","year":"1958","unstructured":"Keeling, C. D. (1958). The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 13(4), 322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7037(58)90033-4","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2456_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(61)90023-0","volume":"24","author":"CD Keeling","year":"1961","unstructured":"Keeling, C. D. (1961). The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in rural and marine air. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 24(3\u20134), 277\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7037(61)90023-0","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"2456_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019","volume":"75","author":"P Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Martani, C., Biskos, G., Neophytou, M., Di Sabatino, S., Bell, M., Norford, L., & Britter, R. (2015). The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities. Environment International, 75, 199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2456_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.111","volume":"490","author":"P MacNaughton","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacNaughton, P., Melly, S., Vallarino, J., Adamkiewicz, G., & Spengler, J. D. (2014). Impact of bicycle route type on exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.111","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"2456_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/S10584-013-0977-Z","volume":"121","author":"PJ Marcotullio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., & Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climatic Change, 121(4), 621\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10584-013-0977-Z","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"2456_CR38","unstructured":"NOAA. (2024). Global Monitoring Laboratory\u2014Carbon cycle greenhouse gases. https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/ccgg\/trends_ch4\/"},{"key":"2456_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2014.09.062","volume":"505","author":"W Ouyang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ouyang, W., Guo, B., Cai, G., Li, Q., Han, S., Liu, B., & Liu, X. (2015). The washing effect of precipitation on particulate matter and the pollution dynamics of rainwater in downtown Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 505, 306\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2014.09.062","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0656-0","volume":"152","author":"DE Pataki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pataki, D. E., Xu, T., Luo, Y. Q., & Ehleringer, J. R. (2007). Inferring biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide sources across an urban to rural gradient. Oecologia, 152(2), 307\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-006-0656-0","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2456_CR41","unstructured":"Petralli, M., Morabito, M., & Bartolini, G. (2006). Ruolo delle aree verdi nella mitigazione dell\u2019isola di calore urbana: uno studio nella citt\u00e0 di Firenze. Environmental Science. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237595856"},{"key":"2456_CR42","unstructured":"PICARRO INC. (2023). G2201-i Analyzer Datasheet|Picarro. https:\/\/www.picarro.com\/environmental\/support\/library\/documents\/g2201i_analyzer_datasheet"},{"key":"2456_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8500","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082635","volume":"46","author":"G Plant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plant, G., Kort, E. A., Floerchinger, C., Gvakharia, A., Vimont, I., & Sweeney, C. (2019). Large fugitive methane emissions from urban centers along the U.S. East Coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 8500\u20138507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL082635","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"2456_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.09.030","volume":"194","author":"OAM Popoola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popoola, O. A. M., Carruthers, D., Lad, C., Bright, V. B., Mead, M. I., Stettler, M. E. J., Saffell, J. R., & Jones, R. L. (2018). Use of networks of low cost air quality sensors to quantify air quality in urban settings. Atmospheric Environment, 194, 58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.09.030","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2456_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2012.04.005","volume":"11","author":"J Quan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quan, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, Q., Tie, X., Cao, J., Han, S., Meng, J., Chen, P., & Zhao, D. (2013). Evolution of planetary boundary layer under different weather conditions, and its impact on aerosol concentrations. Particuology, 11, 34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.partic.2012.04.005","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GB900006","volume":"13","author":"P Quay","year":"1999","unstructured":"Quay, P., Stutsman, J., Wilbur, D., Snover, A., Dlugokencky, E., & Brown, T. (1999). The isotopic composition of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13(2), 445\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1998GB900006","journal-title":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles"},{"key":"2456_CR47","unstructured":"Regione Toscana. (2005). Bacino del Fiume Arno Parte A Quadro di riferimento conoscitivo e programmatico."},{"key":"2456_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028851","volume":"123","author":"X Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren, X., Salmon, O. E., Hansford, J. R., Ahn, D., Hall, D., Benish, S. E., Stratton, P. R., He, H., Sahu, S., Grimes, C., Heimburger, A. M. F., Martin, C. R., Cohen, M. D., Stunder, B., Salawitch, R. J., Ehrman, S. H., Shepson, P. B., & Dickerson, R. R. (2018). Methane emissions from the Baltimore-Washington area based on airborne observations: Comparison to emissions inventories. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123, 8869\u20138882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018JD028851","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"2456_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/1943815X.2012.715584","volume":"9","author":"M Sadegh Sekhavatjou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadegh Sekhavatjou, M., Mehdipour, A., Takdastan, A., & Hosseini Alhashemi, A. (2012). CH4 and total GHGs emission from urban landfills in southwest Iran. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 9(sup1), 217\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1943815X.2012.715584","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2456_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.08.026","volume":"195","author":"D Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma, D., & Kulshrestha, U. C. (2014). Spatial and temporal patterns of air pollutants in rural and urban areas of India. Environmental Pollution, 195, 276\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.08.026","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2456_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00450-2","volume":"33","author":"P Sicard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sicard, P., Agathokleous, E., De Marco, A., Paoletti, E., & Calatayud, V. (2021). Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33, 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-020-00450-2","journal-title":"Environmental Sciences Europe"},{"key":"2456_CR52","unstructured":"SIR. (2022). SIR\u2014DATI\/Archivio storico. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from https:\/\/www.sir.toscana.it\/consistenza-rete"},{"key":"2456_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2009.34","volume":"20","author":"A Spira-cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spira-cohen, A., Chi Chen, L., Kendall, M., Sheesley, R., & Thurston, G. D. (2010). Personal exposures to traffic-related particle pollution among children with asthma in the South Bronx, NY. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 20, 446\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jes.2009.34","journal-title":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology"},{"key":"2456_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanley, E. H., Casson, N. J., Christel, S. T., Crawford, J. T., Loken, L. C., & Oliver, S. K. (2016). The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: Patterns, controls, and global significance. In Ecological monographs (vol. 86, Issue 2, pp. 146\u2013171). Ecological Society of America. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/15-1027","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1027"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020211","volume":"16","author":"L Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wong, K., Wei, P., Ye, S., Huang, H., Yang, F., Westerdahl, D., Louie, P., Luk, C., & Ning, Z. (2016). Development and Application of a Next Generation Air Sensor Network for the Hong Kong Marathon 2015 Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors, 16(2), 211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16020211","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"2456_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.0223","volume":"69","author":"P Suwanwaree","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suwanwaree, P., & Robertson, G. P. (2005). Methane oxidation in forest, successional, and no-till agricultural ecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69(6), 1722\u20131729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj2004.0223","journal-title":"Soil Science Society of America Journal"},{"key":"2456_CR57","volume-title":"Fundamentals of air pollution","author":"DA Vallero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vallero, D. A. (2014). Fundamentals of air pollution. Academic Press."},{"key":"2456_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2015.01.017","volume":"105","author":"J Van den Bossche","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van den Bossche, J., Peters, J., Verwaeren, J., Botteldooren, D., Theunis, J., & De Baets, B. (2015). Mobile monitoring for mapping spatial variation in urban air quality: Development and validation of a methodology based on an extensive dataset. Atmospheric Environment, 105, 148\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2015.01.017","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2456_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.092","volume":"238","author":"M Van den Bossche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van den Bossche, M., Rose, N. T., & De Wekker, S. F. J. (2017). Potential of a low-cost gas sensor for atmospheric methane monitoring. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 238, 501\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.092","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical"},{"key":"2456_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100968","author":"S Venturi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venturi, S., Cabassi, J., Tassi, F., Maioli, G., Randazzo, A., Capecchiacci, F., & Vaselli, O. (2021). Near-surface atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) in Florence urban area: Inferring emitting sources through carbon isotopic analysis. Urban Climate. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100968","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"key":"2456_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197335","author":"J Wasilewski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wasilewski, J., Zaj\u0105c, G., Szyszlak-Barg\u0142owicz, J., & Kuranc, A. (2022). Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission levels during the combustion of selected types of agricultural biomass. Energies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15197335","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2456_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12690","volume":"21","author":"D Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, D., Ri, X., Tarchen, T., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). Considerable methane uptake by alpine grasslands despite the cold climate: In situ measurements on the central Tibetan Plateau, 2008\u20132013. Global Change Biology, 21(2), 777\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.12690","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"2456_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willison, T. W., Webster, C. P., Goulding, K. W. T., & Powlson, D. S. (1995). Methane oxidation in temperate soils: Effects of land use and the chemical form of nitrogen fertilizer. In Chemosphere (Vol. 30, Issue 3).","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(94)00416-R"},{"key":"2456_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04802-6","author":"G Zazzeri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoisell\u00e9, M., Grimmond, C. S. B., & Nisbet, E. G. (2017). Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region OPEN. Scientific Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-04802-6","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2456_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.03.029","volume":"110","author":"G Zazzeri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lanoisell\u00e9, M., & Nisbet, E. G. (2015). Plume mapping and isotopic characterization of anthropogenic methane sources. Atmospheric Environment, 110, 151\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.03.029","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"2456_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104061","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Wang, H., Qi, Q., Yang, Y., & He, J. S. (2021). Warming and drought increase but wetness reduces the net sink of CH4 in alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Applied Soil Ecology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.104061","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T15:04:57Z","timestamp":1746457497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02456-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"138"}}