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This study examined the association between indoor radon exposure and self-reported cases of lung cancer, COPD, and leukemia among individuals living in close proximity to gold mine tailings, a known source of high radon levels. A cross-sectional study was carried out among residents living near or further away from gold mine tailings in Gauteng, South Africa. A total of 331 residents took part in an interviewer-administered questionnaire survey on socio-demographic characteristics, smoking habits, occupational exposures, adverse health problems, and other factors related to lung cancer, COPD, and leukemia. Subsequently, their homes were tested for indoor radon concentration on the lowest livable floor over a two-hour period from June to July 2023 using AlphaE radon monitors. Logistic regression was employed to calculate odds ratios (OR) for lung cancer, COPD, and leukemia based on indoor radon exposure, dwelling location, smoking habits, and occupational exposures. The study found significantly higher indoor radon levels in the exposed group (103.30\u2009\u00b1\u200994.91\u00a0Bq\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) compared to the control group (65.19\u2009\u00b1\u200947.83\u00a0Bq\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). The results indicated an association between lung cancer and residing near gold mine tailings, while indoor radon exposure was linked to leukemia. However, no association was found between indoor radon exposure and COPD. In regions impacted by gold mine tailings, it is crucial to implement efficient indoor radon mitigation measures and promote public consciousness about the health hazards linked to indoor radon exposure. There is a need to motivate affected residents to adopt proactive steps to lower indoor radon concentrations, including enhancing ventilation practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02677-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T12:47:01Z","timestamp":1754570821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Indoor radon exposure and health risks in a community proximal to gold mine tailings in Gauteng Province, South Africa: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Khathutshelo Vincent","family":"Mphaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wells","family":"Utembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thokozani P.","family":"Mbonane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoka C.","family":"Rathebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.135","volume":"619","author":"C Andraos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andraos, C., Utembe, W., & Gulumian, M. 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