{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:46:48Z","timestamp":1792093608450,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICMR F.No. 5\/10\/FR\/79\/2020-RBMCH, Dated 09\/08\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICMR F.No. 5\/10\/FR\/79\/2020-RBMCH, Dated 09\/08\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T10:48:54Z","timestamp":1754822934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lead exposure in Bihar, Eastern India: a risk assessment study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Nirmal Kumar","family":"Chayal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar Sambhav","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanhaiya","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejasvi","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2687_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102616","volume":"76","author":"TS Adebayo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adebayo, T. S., Onifade, S. T., Alola, A. A., & Muoneke, O. B. (2022). Does it take international integration of natural resources to ascend the ladder of environmental quality in the newly industrialized countries? Resources Policy, 76, Article 102616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102616","journal-title":"Resources Policy"},{"key":"2687_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143064","volume":"364","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agarwal, R., Kumar, A., Pandey, T., Chayal, N. K., Verma, K. S., Kumar, D., Kumar, K., Aryal, S., Singh, P., Ali, M., Srivastava, A., Singh, M., & Ghosh, A. K. (2024). High lead contamination in mother\u2019s breastmilk in Bihar (India): Health risk assessment of the feeding children. Chemosphere, 364, Article 143064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143064","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2687_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137872","volume":"318","author":"RS Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, R. S., Abuarab, M. E., Ibrahim, M. M., Baioumy, M., & Mokhtar, A. (2023). Assessment of environmental and toxicity impacts and potential health hazards of heavy metals pollution of agricultural drainage adjacent to industrial zones in Egypt. Chemosphere, 318, Article 137872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137872","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"2687_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1021\/es504517r","volume":"49","author":"DB Akers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akers, D. B., MacCarthy, M. F., Cunningham, J. A., Annis, J., & Mihelcic, J. R. (2015). Lead (Pb) contamination of self-supply groundwater systems in coastal Madagascar and predictions of blood lead levels in exposed children. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(5), 2685\u20132693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es504517r","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2687_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2021.1873784","volume":"132","author":"T Akt\u00fcrk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akt\u00fcrk, T., \u00c7eliker, G., & Sa\u00e7mac\u0131, H. (2022). Impact of occupational lead exposure on nerve conduction study data. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 132(3), 306\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2021.1873784","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2687_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-019-00193-5","volume":"32","author":"M Al Osman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Osman, M., Yang, F., & Massey, I. Y. (2019). Exposure routes and health effects of heavy metals on children. Biometals\u202f: An International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, 32(4), 563\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10534-019-00193-5","journal-title":"Biometals : An International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2687_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9030042","volume":"9","author":"A Alengebawy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), Article 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics9030042","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2687_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020274","volume":"16","author":"M Andjelkovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andjelkovic, M., Buha Djordjevic, A., Antonijevic, E., Antonijevic, B., Stanic, M., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Spasojevic-Kalimanovska, V., Jovanovic, M., Boricic, N., Wallace, D., & Bulat, Z. (2019). Toxic effect of acute cadmium and lead exposure in rat blood, liver, and kidney. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), Article 274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16020274","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"2687_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-10.25.200308","volume":"10","author":"JA Ansari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ansari, J. A., Mahdi, A. A., Malik, P. S., & Jafar, T. (2020). Blood lead levels in children living near an informal lead battery recycling workshop in Patna, Bihar. Journal of Health & Pollution, 10(25), Article 200308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-10.25.200308","journal-title":"Journal of Health & Pollution"},{"key":"2687_CR10","unstructured":"ATSDR (2022): Support Document to the 2022 Substance Priority List (Candidates for Toxicological Profiles). https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/spl\/resources\/ATSDR-2022-SPL-Support-Document-508.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"2687_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.120-a268","volume":"120","author":"KS Betts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Betts, K. S. (2012). CDC updates guidelines for children\u2019s lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(7), Article a268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.120-a268","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"6","key":"2687_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3129","volume":"35","author":"S Borowska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borowska, S., & Brz\u00f3ska, M. M. (2015). Metals in cosmetics: Implications for human health. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 35(6), 551\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.3129","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},{"issue":"21","key":"2687_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w14213432","volume":"14","author":"L Bouida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouida, L., Rafatullah, M., Kerrouche, A., Qutob, M., Alosaimi, A. M., Alorfi, H. S., & Hussein, M. A. (2022). A review on cadmium and lead contamination: Sources, fate, mechanism, health effects and remediation methods. Water (Basel), 14(21), Article 3432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14213432","journal-title":"Water (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2687_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000743","volume":"2","author":"MJ Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, M. J., Patel, P., Nash, E., Dikid, T., Blanton, C., Forsyth, J. E., Fontaine, R., Sharma, P., Keith, J., Babu, B., Vaisakh, T. P., Azarudeen, M. J., Riram, B., & Shrivastava, A. (2022). Prevalence of elevated blood lead levels and risk factors among children living in Patna, Bihar, India 2020. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(10), Article e0000743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000743","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"2687_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2023.08.001","volume":"117","author":"D Bunch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bunch, D., & Pyle-Eilola, A. L. (2023). Lead poisoning: Clinical and laboratory considerations. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 117, 209\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acc.2023.08.001","journal-title":"Advances in Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2687_CR16","volume-title":"Human health effects of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead and mercury: Report of an expert consultation","author":"AI Ca\u00f1as Portilla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1as Portilla, A. I., Casta\u00f1o, A., World Health Organization. (2024). Human health effects of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead and mercury: Report of an expert consultation. World Health Organization."},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0151-y","volume":"15","author":"J Caravanos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caravanos, J., Carrelli, J., Dowling, R., Pavilonis, B., Ericson, B., & Fuller, R. (2016). Burden of disease resulting from lead exposure at toxic waste sites in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 15(1), 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-016-0151-y","journal-title":"Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source"},{"key":"2687_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.06.006","volume":"120","author":"J Caravanos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caravanos, J., Chatham-Stephens, K., Ericson, B., Landrigan, P. J., & Fuller, R. (2013). The burden of disease from pediatric lead exposure at hazardous waste sites in 7 Asian countries. Environmental Research, 120, 119\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2012.06.006","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2687_CR19","unstructured":"Cassinelli, M. E., & O\u2019Connor, P. F. (1994). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2687_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-015-0496-y","volume":"30","author":"S Chambial","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chambial, S., Shukla, K. K., Dwivedi, S., Bhardwaj, P., & Sharma, P. (2015). Blood lead level (BLL) in the adult population of Jodhpur: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(3), 357\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12291-015-0496-y","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2687_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124385","volume":"17","author":"AE Charkiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charkiewicz, A. E., & Backstrand, J. R. (2020). Lead toxicity and pollution in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), Article 4385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17124385","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"2687_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811178","volume":"19","author":"CC de Almeida","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Almeida, C. C., Bai\u00e3o, D. D. S., Rodrigues, P. A., Saint\u2019Pierre, T. D., Hauser-Davis, R. A., Leandro, K. C., Paschoalin, V. M. F., da Costa, M. P., & Conte-Junior, C. A. (2022). Toxic metals and metalloids in infant formulas marketed in Brazil, and child health risks according to the target hazard quotients and target cancer risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), Article 11178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811178","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2687_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.04.011","volume":"9","author":"UC Emmanuel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Emmanuel, U. C., Chukwudi, M. I., Monday, S. S., & Anthony, A. I. (2022). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 9, 869\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.04.011","journal-title":"Toxicology Reports"},{"issue":"Suppl 1, Lead P","key":"2687_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000868","volume":"25","author":"AS Ettinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ettinger, A. S., Leonard, M. L., & Mason, J. (2019). CDC\u2019s lead poisoning prevention program: A long-standing responsibility and commitment to protect children from lead exposure. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25(Suppl 1, Lead Poisoning Prevention(Suppl 1 LEAD POISONING PREVENTION)), S5\u2013S12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000868","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice"},{"key":"2687_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.295","volume":"694","author":"JJ Frank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frank, J. J., Poulakos, A. G., Tornero-Velez, R., & Xue, J. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analyses of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016. Science of the Total Environment, 694, 133489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.295","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"2687_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-4-6.1","volume":"4","author":"KI Getso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Getso, K. I., Hadejia, I. S., Sabitu, K., Nguku, P. M., Poggensee, G., Aliyu, H. M., Yalwa, H., Sani-Gwarzo, N., & Oyemakinde, A. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of childhood lead poisoning in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Pollution, 4(6), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-4-6.1","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Pollution"},{"key":"2687_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"87","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"2006","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. (2006). Inorganic and organic lead compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 87, 1\u2013471.","journal-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"2687_CR28","unstructured":"ICMR (2009). Indian Council of Medical Research. Nutrient 566 requirements and recommended 567 dietary allowances for Indians. Indians National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. 334."},{"key":"2687_CR29","unstructured":"ISO (1994) International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5725\u20132:1994 - Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. ISO."},{"key":"2687_CR30","unstructured":"ISO (2017) International Organization for Standardization. ISO\/IEC 17025:2017 - General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO."},{"issue":"3","key":"2687_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.40524","volume":"18","author":"KH Janbaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janbaz, K. H., Qadir, M. I., Basser, H. T., Bokhari, T. H., & Ahmad, B. (2014). Risk for oral cancer from smokeless tobacco. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Onkologia, 18(3), 160\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/wo.2014.40524","journal-title":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Onkologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2687_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050582","volume":"22","author":"BA King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King, B. A., Mirza, S. A., Babb, S. D., GATS Collaborating Group. (2013). A cross-country comparison of secondhand smoke exposure among adults: Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Tobacco Control, 22(4), e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050582","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22336-9","volume":"25","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Agarwal, R., Kumar, K., Chayal, N. K., Kumar, G., Kumar, R., Ali, M., Srivastava, A., Aryal, S., Pandey, T., Verma, K. S., Kumar, D., Gajbhiye, R. L., Dhingra, S., Pothuraju, N., Peraman, R., Bishwapriya, A., Nandan, R., Sharma, A., \u2026 Ghosh, A. K. (2025). Mercury poisoning in women and infants inhabiting the Gangetic plains of Bihar: Risk assessment. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 1275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22336-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81579-9","volume":"11","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Ali, M., Kumar, R., Kumar, M., Sagar, P., Pandey, R. K., Akhouri, V., Kumar, V., Anand, G., Niraj, P. K., Rani, R., Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Bishwapriya, A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021). Arsenic exposure in Indo Gangetic plains of Bihar causing increased cancer risk. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 2376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81579-9","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30898-0","volume":"13","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Ali, M., Raj, V., Kumari, A., Rachamalla, M., Niyogi, S., Kumar, D., Sharma, A., Saxena, A., Panjawani, G., Jain, P., Vidyarthi, A., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Niraj, P. K., Rahman, M. S., Bishwapriya, A., Kumar, R., Sakamoto, M., \u2026 Ghosh, A. K. (2023a). Arsenic causing gallbladder cancer disease in Bihar. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 4259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-30898-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2687_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, A., M M S, C. P., Chaturvedi, A. K., Shabnam, A. A., Subrahmanyam, G., Mondal, R., Gupta, D. K., Malyan, S. K., S Kumar, S., A Khan, S., & Yadav, K. K. (2020). Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches.\u00a0International journal of environmental research and public health,\u00a017(7), 2179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17072179.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072179"},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78478-0","volume":"14","author":"A Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Kumar, G., Kumar, K., Chayal, N. K., Aryal, S., Kumar, M., Srivastava, A., Ali, M., Raj, V., Bishwapriya, A., Manjari, M., Kumar, D., Kumar, S., Singh, M., & Ghosh, A. K. (2024). Manganese pollution in eastern India causing cancer risk. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 28588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-78478-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2687_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-023-04864-7","author":"D Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, D., Awasthi, S., Mahdi, A. A., Singh, S., Pandey, A. K., Agarwal, G. G., Anish, T. S., A R, S., Kar, S., Nair, S., Mathew, J. L., Bhat, M. A., Mahanta, B. N., Singh, K., & Singh, C. M. (2023b). Assessment of blood lead level of school children in 10 cities of India: A cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12098-023-04864-7","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"2687_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101070","volume":"15","author":"G Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, G., & Reshmi, R. S. (2022). Availability of public health facilities and utilization of maternal and child health services in districts of India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 15, Article 101070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2022.101070","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health"},{"key":"2687_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.010","volume":"68","author":"JW Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. W., Choi, H., Hwang, U. K., Kang, J. C., Kang, Y. J., Kim, K. I., & Kim, J. H. (2019). Toxic effects of lead exposure on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immune responses in fish: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 68, 101\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.010","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2687_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104793","volume":"120","author":"YC Lo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lo, Y. C., Dooyema, C. A., Neri, A., Durant, J., Jefferies, T., Medina-Marino, A., de Ravello, L., Thoroughman, D., Davis, L., Dankoli, R. S., Samson, M. Y., Ibrahim, L. M., Okechukwu, O., Umar-Tsafe, N. T., Dama, A. H., & Brown, M. J. (2012). Childhood lead poisoning associated with gold ore processing: A village-level investigation-Zamfara State, Nigeria, October-November 2010. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(10), 1450\u20131455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104793","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"2687_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1734607","volume":"45","author":"A Macho\u0144-Grecka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macho\u0144-Grecka, A., Dobrakowski, M., Kasperczyk, A., Birkner, E., & Kasperczyk, S. (2022). Angiogenesis and lead (Pb): Is there a connection? Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(2), 589\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01480545.2020.1734607","journal-title":"Drug and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"2687_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","volume":"8","author":"I Manisalidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"2687_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mielke, H. W., & Egendorf, S. P. (2023). Getting the Lead Out: A Career-Long Perspective on Leaded Gasoline, Dust, Soil, and Proactive Pediatric Exposure Prevention. Medical Research Archives, 11(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18103\/mra.v11i5.3813","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v11i5.3813"},{"key":"2687_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5064","volume":"341","author":"A Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller, A., & Archer, J. (2010). Impact of workplace based assessment on doctors\u2019 education and performance: A systematic review. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 341, Article c5064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c5064","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2687_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0205-x","volume":"41","author":"A Nandan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nandan, A., Siddiqui, N. A., & Kumar, P. (2019). Assessment of environmental and ergonomic hazard associated to printing and photocopying: A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(3), 1187\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-018-0205-x","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"key":"2687_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.08.005","volume":"113","author":"VI Naranjo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naranjo, V. I., Hendricks, M., & Jones, K. S. (2020). Lead toxicity in children: An unremitting public health problem. Pediatric Neurology, 113, 51\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.08.005","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"2687_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1438176","volume":"24","author":"A Narsimha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narsimha, A., & Rajitha, S. (2018). Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in fluoride enrichment in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in Telangana State, South India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24, 2119\u20132132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10807039.2018.1438176","journal-title":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal"},{"key":"2687_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.109","volume":"175","author":"M Naseri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naseri, M., Vazirzadeh, A., Kazemi, R., & Zaheri, F. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chemistry, 175, 243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.109","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2687_CR50","unstructured":"NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard...Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ. (NIOSH) 75\u2013149 (1975)."},{"key":"2687_CR51","unstructured":"NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd. ed., V. 1, P&CAM 139, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ. (NIOSH) 77\u2013157-A (1977)."},{"key":"2687_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.062","volume":"249","author":"SY Njati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Njati, S. Y., & Maguta, M. M. (2019). Lead-based paints and children\u2019s PVC toys are potential sources of domestic lead poisoning - A review. Environmental Pollution, 249, 1091\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.062","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2687_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.052","volume":"121","author":"D O'Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, D., Hou, D., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Ok, Y. S., Song, Y., Coulon, F., Peng, T., & Tian, L. (2018). Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications. Environment International, 121(Pt 1), 85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.052","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"1","key":"2687_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0037","volume":"34","author":"E Obeng-Gyasi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obeng-Gyasi, E. (2019). Sources of lead exposure in various countries. Reviews on Environmental Health, 34(1), 25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/reveh-2018-0037","journal-title":"Reviews on Environmental Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"2687_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316006","volume":"19","author":"AC Olufemi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olufemi, A. C., Mji, A., & Mukhola, M. S. (2022). Potential health risks of lead exposure from early life through later life: Implications for public health education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), Article 16006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192316006","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2687_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10688","volume":"8","author":"AA Oni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oni, A. A., Babalola, S. O., Adeleye, A. D., Olagunju, T. E., Amama, I. A., Omole, E. O., Adegboye, E. A., & Ohore, O. G. (2022). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in well-water samples from an automobile junk market in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria. Heliyon, 8(9), Article e10688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10688","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2687_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113707","volume":"175","author":"L Ouyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouyang, L., Li, Q., Rao, S., Su, R., Zhu, Y., Du, G., Xie, J., Zhou, F., Feng, C., & Fan, G. (2023). Cognitive outcomes caused by low-level lead, cadmium, and mercury mixture exposure at distinct phases of brain development. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 175, Article 113707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113707","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2687_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-019-01159-0","volume":"48","author":"DJ Pain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pain, D. J., Mateo, R., & Green, R. E. (2019). Effects of lead from ammunition on birds and other wildlife: A review and update. Ambio, 48(9), 935\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13280-019-01159-0","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2687_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel, S., Dey, A., Singh, R., & Chand, R. (2022). Agriculture and Nutritional Security in India.\u00a0Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119808565.ch1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119808565.ch1"},{"key":"2687_CR60","unstructured":"Rees, N., & Fuller, R. (2020).\u00a0The toxic truth: children\u2019s exposure to lead pollution undermines a generation of future potential. UNICEF."},{"key":"2687_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129735","volume":"271","author":"K Renu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Renu, K., Chakraborty, R., Myakala, H., Koti, R., Famurewa, A. C., Madhyastha, H., Vellingiri, B., George, A., & Valsala Gopalakrishnan, A. (2021). Molecular mechanism of heavy metals (Lead, Chromium, Arsenic, Mercury, Nickel and Cadmium) - induced hepatotoxicity - A review. Chemosphere, 271, Article 129735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129735","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2687_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115681","volume":"429","author":"S Samarghandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samarghandian, S., Shirazi, F. M., Saeedi, F., Roshanravan, B., Pourbagher-Shahri, A. M., Khorasani, E. Y., Farkhondeh, T., Aaseth, J. O., Abdollahi, M., & Mehrpour, O. (2021). A systematic review of clinical and laboratory findings of lead poisoning: Lessons from case reports. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 429, Article 115681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115681","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2687_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.08.015","volume":"280","author":"ST Shefa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shefa, S. T., & H\u00e9roux, P. (2017). Both physiology and epidemiology support zero tolerable blood lead levels. Toxicology Letters, 280, 232\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.08.015","journal-title":"Toxicology Letters"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2687_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.010","volume":"533","author":"EK Silbergeld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silbergeld, E. K. (2003). Facilitative mechanisms of lead as a carcinogen. Mutation Research, 533(1\u20132), 121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.010","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2687_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2013.865715","volume":"24","author":"S Sorlini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorlini, S., Gialdini, F., & Collivignarelli, C. (2014). Metal leaching in drinking water domestic distribution system: An Italian case study. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 24(6), 497\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09603123.2013.865715","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Health Research"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2687_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112025","volume":"204","author":"BF Swaringen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swaringen, B. F., Gawlik, E., Kamenov, G. D., McTigue, N. E., Cornwell, D. A., & Bonzongo, J. J. (2022). Children\u2019s exposure to environmental lead: A review of potential sources, blood levels, and methods used to reduce exposure. Environmental Research, 204(Pt B), Article 112025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112025","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2687_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510145","volume":"124","author":"S Tirima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tirima, S., Bartrem, C., von Lindern, I., von Braun, M., Lind, D., Anka, S. M., & Abdullahi, A. (2016). Environmental remediation to address childhood lead poisoning epidemic due to artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(9), 1471\u20131478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1510145","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2687_CR69","unstructured":"USEPA (2008). Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (2008, Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA\/600\/R-06\/096F, 2008."},{"issue":"1-120","key":"2687_CR70","first-page":"6","volume":"9200","author":"USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)","year":"2014","unstructured":"USEPA (2014). Human Health Evaluation Manual. Supplemental Guidance: Update of Standard Default Exposure Factors-OSWER Directive, 9200(1\u2013120), 6.","journal-title":"Supplemental Guidance: Update of Standard Default Exposure Factors-OSWER Directive"},{"key":"2687_CR68","unstructured":"USEPA (2015). Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical\/chemical methods (SW-846). U.S. EPA. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/hw-sw846."},{"issue":"2","key":"2687_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2015-0009","volume":"8","author":"AL Wani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wani, A. L., Ara, A., & Usmani, J. A. (2015). Lead toxicity: A review. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 8(2), 55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/intox-2015-0009","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology"},{"key":"2687_CR73","unstructured":"WHO (2019). International lead poisoning prevention week 2019 campaign resource package (No. WHO\/CED\/PHE\/EPE\/19.5). World Health Organization."},{"key":"2687_CR74","unstructured":"WHO (2022). Lead in drinking-water: health risks, monitoring and corrective actions: technical brief. In Lead in drinking-water: health risks, monitoring and corrective actions: technical brief."},{"key":"2687_CR72","unstructured":"WHO (2023a): International Lead Poisoning Prevention Week - every year in October. https:\/\/www.who.int\/campaigns\/international-lead-poisoning-prevention-week"},{"key":"2687_CR75","unstructured":"WHO (2023b). Preventing disease through healthy environments: exposure to lead: a major public health concern."},{"issue":"9","key":"2687_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10090882","volume":"10","author":"M Wrzeci\u0144ska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wrzeci\u0144ska, M., Kowalczyk, A., Cwynar, P., & Czerniawska-Pi\u0105tkowska, E. (2021). Disorders of the reproductive health of cattle as a response to exposure to toxic metals. Biology, 10(9), Article 882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10090882","journal-title":"Biology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T08:45:10Z","timestamp":1756802710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02687-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"The Institutional Ethics Committee of the Indian Council of Medical Research Unit- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (MoU for Ethics approval), Patna, Bihar, India, approved the entire research work. The ethical clearance was granted with IEC Letter No. RMRI\/EC\/24\/2020 dated September 26, 2020. Prior to commencing the investigation, all patients were provided with a comprehensive explanation of the study's objectives, and their informed consent was duly acquired by their written consent. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical rules for research involving human subjects set by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, as well as the ethical principles defined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"For any of the clarification related to the publication of the article, the authors provide the consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"368"}}