{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:35:39Z","timestamp":1786980939220,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-21\u201300890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21\u201300890"]}]},{"name":"the Slovak Grant Agency","award":["VEGA  1\/0116\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA  1\/0116\/21"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032173","name":"Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biochar (B), particularly when combined with nitrogen (N) fertilisation, can significantly influence soil quality and fertility. However, its long-term effects on soil organic matter (SOM), humic substances (HS), and soil structure remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the impacts of biochar applied at 0, 10, and 20 t ha\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    (B0, B10, B20), in combination with two levels of N fertilization (N1, N2), on a silty loam Haplic Luvisol over short-term (1\u00a0year) and long-term (9\u00a0years) periods at the Slovak University of Agriculture experimental site (Nitra, Slovakia). After 1\u00a0year, biochar treatments increased soil organic carbon (Corg) by up to 51% (B20N1) compared with the control (B0N0), but significantly reduced the extraction of humic substances, particularly in B20N1. After 9\u00a0years, Corg contents were relatively balanced across treatments, but B20N2 exhibited a marked increase in HS content and a 33% reduction in microaggregates relative to B0N0, indicating the formation of larger macroaggregates. Principal component and correlation analyses revealed time-dependent changes in the relationships between SOM, HS, and aggregate size fractions. Importantly, almost no consistent correlation was observed between Corg and aggregate size fractions, suggesting that the quality and chemical characteristics of humic substances, especially their aromatic and condensed nature, play a more critical role in soil structure formation than total carbon content alone. This study provides new evidence that biochar\u2019s long-term impact on soil structure is mediated not by immediate increases in carbon levels, but by gradual improvements in humus chemistry and aggregate dynamics. Our findings challenge conventional assessments of soil amendments based solely on carbon metrics and highlight the need to consider humic substance quality as a key driver of soil structural resilience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T16:55:24Z","timestamp":1761670524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biochar and its combination with nitrogen fertilisation altered soil organic matter, humic substances, and soil structure: short-term versus long-term changes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"\u0160imansk\u00fd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"W\u00f3jcik-Gront","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanandam","family":"Bordoloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Hor\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10311","volume":"8","author":"I Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali, I., Ullah, S., He, L., Zhao, Q., Iqbal, A., Wei, S., Shah, T., Ali, N., Bo, Y., Adnan, M., & Amanullah Jiang, L. (2020). Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment. PeerJ, 8, Article e10311.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1300\/J064v14n02_08","volume":"14","author":"E Amezketa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amezketa, E. (1999). Soil aggregate stability: A review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 14, 83\u2013151.","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture"},{"key":"2853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115317","volume":"404","author":"H Blanco-Canqui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blanco-Canqui, H. (2021). Does biochar application alleviate soil compaction? Review and data synthesis. Geoderma, 404, Article 115317.","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2853_CR4","volume-title":"Soil science","author":"HP Blume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blume, H. P., Br\u00fcmmer, G. W., Fleige, H., Horn, R., Kandeler, E., K\u00f6gel-Knabner, I., Kretzschmar, R., Stahr, K., & Wilke, B. M. (2016). Soil science. Springer."},{"key":"2853_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2006.00807.x","volume":"57","author":"S Brodowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brodowski, S., John, B., Flessa, H., & Amelung, W. (2006). Aggregate-occluded black carbon in soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 57, 539\u2013546.","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Science"},{"key":"2853_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.03.005","volume":"124","author":"CJ Bronick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bronick, C. J., & Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: A review. Geoderma, 124, 3\u201322.","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.050","volume":"239","author":"M Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, M., Alim, N., Zhang, Y., Xu, N., & Cao, X. (2018). Contrasting effects of biochar nanoparticles on the retention and transport of phosphorus in acidic and alkaline soils. Environmental Pollution, 239, 562\u2013570.","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2853_CR8","first-page":"157","volume":"6","author":"R Chintala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chintala, R., Owen, R. K., Kumar, S., Schumacher, T. E., & Malo, D. (2014). Biochar impacts on denitrification under different soil water contents. World Congress of Soil Science, 6, 157.","journal-title":"World Congress of Soil Science"},{"key":"2853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01636","volume":"9","author":"OYA Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa, O. Y. A., Raaijmakers, J. M., & Kuramae, E. E. (2018). Microbial extracellular polymeric substances: Ecological function and impact on soil aggregation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1636.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2853_CR10","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Biochar in European soils and agriculture, science and practice","author":"A Cross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cross, A., Zwart, K., Shackley, S., & Ruysschaert, G. (2014). The role of biochar in agricultural soils. In S. Shackley, G. Ruysschaert, K. Zwart, & B. Glaser (Eds.), Biochar in European soils and agriculture, science and practice (pp. 73\u201398). Routledge."},{"key":"2853_CR11","volume-title":"Methodical guidebook for soil organic matter studies","author":"H Dziadowiec","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dziadowiec, H., & Gonet, S. S. (1999). Methodical guidebook for soil organic matter studies. Polish Society of Soil Science."},{"key":"2853_CR12","volume-title":"Fundamentals of soil science","author":"HD Foth","year":"1990","unstructured":"Foth, H. D. (1990). Fundamentals of soil science. Wiley."},{"key":"2853_CR13","unstructured":"Fulajt\u00e1r E (2006) Physical properties of soil. V\u00daPOP, Bratislava, Slovakia. (in Slovak)."},{"key":"2853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.06.028","volume":"281","author":"T G\u0142\u0105b","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105b, T., Palmowska, J., Zaleski, T., & Gondek, K. (2016). Effect of biochar application on soil hydrological properties and physical quality of sandy soil. Geoderma, 281, 11\u201320.","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedsph.2024.10.005","author":"W Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, W., Zhou, Y. P., Xu, J. S., Li, D. D., Chen, M. Q., Wang, Q. X., Zhou, T. T., Zhang, J. B., & Zhao, B. Z. (2024). Straw management and fertilization improve soil aggregate stability by inducing biological binding agents and specific keystone genera. Pedosphere. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedsph.2024.10.005","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"2853_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.09.002","volume":"80","author":"VV Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta, V. V., & Germida, J. J. (2015). Soil aggregation: Influence on microbial biomass and implications for biological processes. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 80, A3\u2013A9.","journal-title":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry"},{"key":"2853_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.01.033","volume":"269","author":"V Hansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen, V., M\u00fcller-St\u00f6ver, D., Munkholm, L. J., Peltre, C., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Jensen, L. S. (2016). The effect of straw and wood gasification biochar on carbon sequestration, selected soil fertility indicators and functional groups in soil: An incubation study. Geoderma, 269, 99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2853_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-020-00065-z","author":"MZ Hossain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hossain, M. Z., Bahar, M. M., Sarkar, B., Donne, S. W., Ok, Y. S., Palansooriya, K. N., Kirkham, S., Chowdhury, M. B., & Bolan, N. (2020). Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant. Biochar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-020-00065-z","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"2853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2478\/johh-2018-0034","volume":"66","author":"D Igaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Igaz, D., \u0160imansk\u00fd, V., Hor\u00e1k, J., Kondrlov\u00e1, E., Domanov\u00e1, J., Rodn\u00fd, M., & Buchkina, N. (2018). Can a single dose of biochar affect selected soil physical and chemical characteristics? Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 66, 421\u2013428.","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics"},{"key":"2853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.1995.10419557","volume":"41","author":"K Itami","year":"1995","unstructured":"Itami, K., & Kyuma, K. (1995). Dispersion behaviour of soils from reclaimed lands with poor soil physical properties and their characteristics with special reference to clay dispersion. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 41, 45\u201354.","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"2853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.06.021","volume":"110","author":"SH Jien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jien, S. H., & Wang, Ch. S. (2013). Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. CATENA, 110, 225\u2013233.","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"2853_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2011.10.012","volume":"45","author":"DL Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones, D. L., Rousk, J., Edwards-Jones, G., De Luca, T. H., & Murphy, D. V. (2012). Biochar mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three-year field trial. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 45, 113\u2013124.","journal-title":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry"},{"key":"2853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2018.21.01.11-19","volume":"21","author":"M Juriga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Juriga, M., & \u0160imansk\u00fd, V. (2018). Effect of biochar on soil structure\u2014Review. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 21, 11\u201319.","journal-title":"Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica"},{"key":"2853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/92894","volume":"19","author":"M Juriga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Juriga, M., \u0160imansk\u00fd, V., Hor\u00e1k, J., Kondrlov\u00e1, E., Igaz, D., Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1, N., Buchkina, N., & Balashov, E. (2019). The effect of different rates of biochar and biochar in combination with N fertilizer on the parameters of soil organic matter and soil structure. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 19, 153\u2013161.","journal-title":"Journal of Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"2853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00294-y","volume":"6","author":"S Kalu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalu, S., Sepp\u00e4nen, A., Mganga, K. Z., Sieti\u00f6, O. M., & Karhu, K. (2024). Biochar reduced the mineralization of native and added soil organic carbon: Evidence of negative priming and enhanced microbial carbon use efficiency. Biochar, 6, 7.","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"2853_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203021231","volume-title":"Principles of soil physics","author":"R Lal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lal, R., & Shukla, M. K. (2004). Principles of soil physics. Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"2853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16069","volume":"528","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmann, J., & Kleber, M. (2015). The continuous nature of soil organic matter. Nature, 528, 60\u201368.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2853_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9910699","volume":"29","author":"J Letey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Letey, J. (1991). The study of soil structure-Science or art. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 29, 699\u2013707.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Soil Research"},{"key":"2853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141037","volume":"746","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, S., Yang, F., Li, J., & Cheng, K. (2020). Porous biochar-nanoscale zero-valent iron composites: Synthesis, characterization and application for lead ion removal. Science of the Total Environment, 746, Article 141037.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2853_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104832","volume":"206","author":"AI Mamedov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mamedov, A. I., Fujimaki, H., Tsunekawa, A., Tsubo, M., & Levy, G. J. (2021). Structure stability of acidic Luvisols: Effects of tillage type and exogenous additives. Soil & Tillage Research, 206, Article 104832.","journal-title":"Soil & Tillage Research"},{"key":"2853_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2478\/ssa-2018-0024","volume":"69","author":"M Mierzwa-Hersztek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mierzwa-Hersztek, M., Gondek, K., Kopie\u0107, M., & Ukalska-Jaruga, A. (2018). Biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative humus compounds parameters. Soil Sci Ann, 69, 234\u2013242.","journal-title":"Soil Sci Ann"},{"key":"2853_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128413","volume":"256","author":"D Mu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu, D., Mu, L., Geng, X., Mohamed, T. A., & Wei, Z. (2024). Evolution from basic to advanced structure of fulvic acid and humic acid prepared by food waste. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 256, Article 128413.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"2853_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1021\/es903016y","volume":"44","author":"BT Nguyen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nguyen, B. T., Lehmann, J., Hockaday, W. C., Jo, S. S., & Masiello, C. A. (2010). Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 3324\u20133331.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"2853_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02205590","volume":"76","author":"JM Oades","year":"1984","unstructured":"Oades, J. M. (1984). Soil organic matter and structural stability: Mechanisms and implications for management. Plant and Soil, 76, 319\u2013337.","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"2853_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-017-1842-x","volume":"18","author":"N Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1, N., \u0160imansk\u00fd, V., & Kravka, M. (2018). The influence of soil organic matter fractions on aggregates stabilization in agricultural and forest soils of selected Slovak and Czech hilly lands. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18, 2790\u20132800.","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"2853_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373287","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1373287","volume":"12","author":"P Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, P. (2024). Biochar application for sustainable soil erosion control: A review of current research and future perspectives. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1373287.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"2853_CR37","first-page":"1","volume-title":"An overview of biochar application in soil to immobilize heavy metals. Fundamental and casde studies","author":"Z Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen, Z. (2024). An overview of biochar application in soil to immobilize heavy metals. In Z. Shen (Ed.), An overview of biochar application in soil to immobilize heavy metals. Fundamental and casde studies (pp. 1\u20137). Elsevier."},{"key":"2853_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.202300020","volume":"187","author":"N Siebers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siebers, N., Voggenreiter, E., Joshi, P., Rethemeyer, J., & Wang, L. (2024). Synergistic relationships between the age of soil organic matter, Fe speciation, and aggregate stability in an arable Luvisol. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 187, 77\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science"},{"key":"2853_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2014.17.01.01-05","volume":"17","author":"V \u0160imansk\u00fd","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u0160imansk\u00fd, V. (2014). Short communication to the determination of soil structure. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 17, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica"},{"key":"2853_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2016.19.04.129-138","volume":"19","author":"V \u0160imansk\u00fd","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u0160imansk\u00fd, V. (2016). Effects of biochar and biochar with nitrogen on soil organic matter and soil structure in Haplic Luvisol. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 19, 129\u2013138.","journal-title":"Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica"},{"key":"2853_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/105362","volume":"20","author":"V \u0160imansk\u00fd","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0160imansk\u00fd, V., \u0160rank, D., Jonczak, J., & Juriga, M. (2019). Fertilization and application of different biochar types and their mutual interactions influencing changes of soil characteristics in soils of different textures. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20, 149\u2013164.","journal-title":"Journal of Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"2853_CR42","unstructured":"\u0160imansk\u00fd V, Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1 N, Chlp\u00edk J, Kolen\u010d\u00edk M (2023a) Soil science. SPU, Nitra, Slovakia. (in Slovak)."},{"key":"2853_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2023.26.01.93-101","volume":"26","author":"V \u0160imansk\u00fd","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u0160imansk\u00fd, V., W\u00f3jcik-Gront, E., Rustowska, B., Juriga, M., Chlp\u00edk, J., & Mac\u00e1k, M. (2023b). Reducing machine movement intensity in the field improves soil structure. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 26, 93\u2013101.","journal-title":"Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica"},{"key":"2853_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2020.23.03.117-124","volume":"23","author":"D \u0160rank","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u0160rank, D., & \u0160imansk\u00fd, V. (2020). Differences in soil organic matter and humus of sandy soil after application of biochar substrates and combination of biochar substrates with mineral fertilisers. Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica, 23, 117\u2013124.","journal-title":"Acta Fytotechnica Et Zootechnica"},{"key":"2853_CR45","volume-title":"Humus chemistry","author":"JF Stevenson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stevenson, J. F. (1994). Humus chemistry. Wiley."},{"key":"2853_CR46","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"J Weber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weber, J. (2020). Humic substances and their role in the environment. EC Agriculture, 1, 3\u20138.","journal-title":"EC Agriculture"},{"key":"2853_CR47","volume-title":"The nature and properties of soils","author":"RR Weil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weil, R. R., & Brady, N. C. (2017). The nature and properties of soils. Pearson Education Limited."},{"key":"2853_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.10.027","volume":"62","author":"G Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, G., Sun, J., Shao, H., & Chang, S. X. (2014). Biochar had effects on phosphorus sorption and desorption in three soils with differing acidity. Ecological Engineering, 62, 54\u201360.","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"2853_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.02.080","volume":"168","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, J., L\u00fc, F., Shao, L., & He, P. (2014). The use of biochar-amended composting to improve the humification and degradation of sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 168, 252\u2013258.","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2853_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.32604\/phyton.2022.020323","volume":"91","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Niu, C., Jiang, J., & Sun, H. (2022). Positive effects of biochar on the degraded forest soil and tree growth in China: A systematic review. Phyton, 91(8), 1601\u20131616.","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"2853_CR51","first-page":"399","volume":"116","author":"S Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Ta, N., Li, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, D., Zhang, A., & Wang, X. (2017). Varying pyrolysis temperature impacts application effects of biochar on soil labile organic carbon and humic substances. Applied Soil Ecology, 116, 399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T14:05:30Z","timestamp":1764165930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-025-02853-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7091756\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"532"}}