{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1791385723429,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:31:56Z","timestamp":1778538716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Arsenic, selenium, cadmium and lead contamination in Garhwal Himalayan groundwater: an integrated geospatial, indexical and statistical framework for health risk evaluation and sustainable development"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaswinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Thada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. S.","family":"Aswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnbosco C.","family":"Egbueri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02387-8_7","volume-title":"Pollutant diseases, remediation and recycling","author":"SO Abarikwu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abarikwu, S. O. (2013). Lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury: Occurrence, toxicity and diseases. Pollutant diseases, remediation and recycling (pp. 351\u2013386). Springer International Publishing."},{"issue":"3","key":"3241_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.09.016","volume":"40","author":"KSM Abdul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdul, K. S. M., Jayasinghe, S. S., Chandana, E. P. S., et al. (2015). Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 40(3), 828\u2013846.","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"25","key":"3241_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10407","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2034990","volume":"37","author":"JC Agbasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agbasi, J. C., & Egbueri, J. C. (2022). Assessment of PTEs in water resources by integrating HHRISK code, water quality indices, multivariate statistics, and ANNs. Geocarto International, 37(25), 10407\u201310433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2022.2034990","journal-title":"Geocarto International"},{"key":"3241_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-4122-0_14","volume-title":"Geological and geo-environmental processes on Earth","author":"MA Alam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam, M. A., Mukherjee, A., & Bhattacharya, P. (2021). A critical evaluation of the role of geotectonics in groundwater arsenic contamination. Geological and geo-environmental processes on Earth (pp. 201\u2013222). Springer Singapore."},{"key":"3241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.06.005","volume":"186","author":"S Anti\u0107-Mladenovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anti\u0107-Mladenovi\u0107, S., Frohne, T., Kresovi\u0107, M., St\u00e4rk, H. J., Tomi\u0107, Z., Li\u010dina, V., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Biogeochemistry of Ni and Pb in a periodically flooded arable soil: Fractionation and redox-induced (im) mobilization. Journal of Environmental Management, 186, 141\u2013150.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"3241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-023-09298-1","volume":"333","author":"RS Aswal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aswal, R. S., Prasad, M., Dutt, I., et al. (2024a). Distribution, health effects and source apportionment of uranium and other potentially toxic elements in Ganga water. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 333, 3027\u20133045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10967-023-09298-1","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"3241_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40266-7","volume":"13","author":"RS Aswal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aswal, R. S., Prasad, M., Patel, N. K., et al. (2023). Occurrences, sources and health hazard estimation of potentially toxic elements in the groundwater of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Scientific Reports, 13, 13069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-40266-7","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"3241_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76147-w","volume":"14","author":"RS Aswal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aswal, R. S., Prasad, M., Singh, J., et al. (2024b). Spatial analysis and soft computational modeling for hazard assessment of potential toxic elements in potable groundwater. Scientific Reports, 14, 25473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76147-w","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"3241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2021.2023515","volume":"104","author":"DA Ayejoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayejoto, D. A., Agbasi, J. C., Egbueri, J. C., & Echefu, K. I. (2022). Assessment of oral and dermal health risk exposures associated with contaminated water resources: An update in Ojoto area, southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 104(3), 641\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03067319.2021.2023515","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"3241_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540050320","volume":"36","author":"B Backman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Backman, B., Bodis, D., Lahermo, P., et al. (1998). Application of a groundwater contamination index in Finland and Slovakia. Environmental Geology, 36, 55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002540050320","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3241_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/24749508.2023.2202450","volume":"9","author":"K Banda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Banda, K., Mulema, M., Chomba, I., Chomba, M., Levy, J., & Nyambe, I. (2025). Investigating groundwater and surface water interactions using remote sensing, hydrochemistry, and stable isotopes in the Barotse Floodplain, Zambia. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 9(2), 424\u2013439.","journal-title":"Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes"},{"key":"3241_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-10959-7","volume":"195","author":"P Bangotra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bangotra, P., Jakhu, R., Prasad, M., et al. (2023). Investigation of heavy metal contamination and associated health risks in groundwater sources of southwestern Punjab, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-023-10959-7","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"3241_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79418-6_4","volume-title":"Biogeodynamics of pollutants in soils and sediments: Risk assessment of delayed and non-linear responses","author":"ACM Bourg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bourg, A. C. M., & Loch, J. G. (1995). Mobilization of heavy metals as affected by pH and redox conditions. Biogeodynamics of pollutants in soils and sediments: Risk assessment of delayed and non-linear responses (pp. 87\u2013102). Springer Berlin Heidelberg."},{"issue":"7","key":"3241_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/environments9070078","volume":"9","author":"M Brandely","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brandely, M., Coussy, S., Blanc-Biscarat, D., Gourdon, R., & Blanck, G. (2022). Chemical stabilization used to reduce geogenic selenium, molybdenum, sulfates and fluorides mobility in rocks and soils from the Parisian Basin. Environments, 9(7), 78.","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"3241_CR15","unstructured":"Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Indian standard for drinking water-specification, second edition, IS 10500: 2012, Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD 25. New Delhi, India (2012)."},{"key":"3241_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-020-1159-6","volume":"10","author":"JS Chauhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chauhan, J. S., Badwal, T., & Badola, N. (2020). Assessment of potability of spring water and its health implication in a hilly village of Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science, 10, Article 73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-020-1159-6","journal-title":"Applied Water Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"3241_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.028","volume":"20","author":"M Chhimwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chhimwal, M., Kaur, S., Srivastava, R. K., et al. (2022). Water quality of springs and lakes in the Kumaon Lesser Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Water & Health, 20(4), 737\u2013754.","journal-title":"Journal of Water & Health"},{"key":"3241_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241622","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2023.1241622","volume":"5","author":"SJ Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho, S. J., Karwan, D. L., Skalak, K., Pizzuto, J., & Huffman, M. E. (2023). Sediment sources and connectivity linked to hydrologic pathways and geomorphic processes: A conceptual model to specify sediment sources and pathways through space and time. Frontiers in Water, 5, 1241622.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Water"},{"key":"3241_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1196-8","volume":"47","author":"V Choubey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choubey, V., Bartarya, S., & Ramola, R. (2005). Radon variations in an active landslide zone along the Pindar River, in Chamoli District, Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India. Environmental Geology, 47, 745\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00254-004-1196-8","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"key":"3241_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.147382","volume":"538","author":"D Di","year":"2026","unstructured":"Di, D., Fang, H., Zhang, Z., Lin, K., Liu, M., & Jia, H. (2026). Multi-objective optimization framework for enhancing the sustainability and resilience of green-grey infrastructure: A perspective incorporating the impact of pipeline siltation on flood simulation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 538, 147382.","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"3241_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GEJO.0000007250.92458.de","volume":"57","author":"A Edet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Edet, A., & Offiong, O. E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southeastern Nigeria). GeoJournal, 57, 295\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:GEJO.0000007250.92458.de","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"3241_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egbueri, J. C., Agbasi, J. C., Ighalo, J. O., Uwajingba, H. C., Abba, S. I. Lead, nickel, arsenic, and chromium contamination in Nigerian groundwater: Sources, potential impacts, and removal techniques. In: Ali and Negm (eds.), Groundwater in Developing Countries (pp. 327\u2013355). Water Series. Springer, Cham, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-79122-2_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-79122-2_14"},{"issue":"10","key":"3241_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2020.1712606","volume":"53","author":"JC Egbueri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Egbueri, J. C. (2020). Heavy metals pollution source identification and probabilistic health risk assessment of shallow groundwater in Onitsha, Nigeria. Analytical Letters, 53(10), 1620\u20131638.","journal-title":"Analytical Letters"},{"key":"3241_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-024-05423-6","author":"JC Egbueri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Egbueri, J. C., Agbasi, J. C., Ezugwu, A. L., Omeka, M. E., Ucheana, I. A., Aralu, C. C., & Abugu, H. O. (2024). Metal(loid)s, nitrate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive contaminants in Nigerian water resources: State-of-the-art of their ecological and health risk assessments. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-024-05423-6","journal-title":"Environment, Development and Sustainability"},{"key":"3241_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-09789-w","volume":"194","author":"JC Egbueri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Egbueri, J. C., Enyigwe, M. T., & Ayejoto, D. A. (2022). Modeling the impact of potentially harmful elements on the groundwater quality of a mining area (Nigeria) by integrating NSFWQI, HERisk code, and HCs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-022-09789-w","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"3241_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07492","volume":"55","author":"S Fakhreddine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fakhreddine, S., Prommer, H., Scanlon, B. R., Ying, S. C., & Nicot, J. P. (2021). Mobilization of arsenic and other naturally occurring contaminants during managed aquifer recharge: A critical review. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(4), 2208\u20132223.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"3241_CR27","unstructured":"Gansser, A. Geology of the Himalaya. Inter Science Publication. Wiley, New York, p. 289 (1964)."},{"issue":"11","key":"3241_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782","volume":"17","author":"G Genchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., et al. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"3241_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0809923G","volume":"73","author":"I Grzetic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grzetic, I., & Ghariani, A. R. H. (2008). Potential health risk assessment for soil heavy metal contamination in the central zone of Belgrade (Serbia). Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 73(8\u20139), 923\u2013934.","journal-title":"Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society"},{"key":"3241_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2025.106632","volume":"181","author":"M He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, M., Cheng, Y. Y., Chen, J., Li, Z. Y., Deng, L., Ren, T. X., Luo, J. X., & Rao, H. H. (2025b). Potassium isotope constraints on brine sources and evolution in Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau. Ore Geology Reviews, 181, 106632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2025.106632","journal-title":"Ore Geology Reviews"},{"key":"3241_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2025.104865","volume":"252","author":"M He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, M., Dong, J., Liu, X., Kang, S., Sun, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, N., & Zhang, X. (2025a). Lithium isotope fractionation in Weinan loess and implications for pedogenic processes and groundwater impact. Global and Planetary Change, 252, 104865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2025.104865","journal-title":"Global and Planetary Change"},{"key":"3241_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770901","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1770901","volume":"14","author":"F Hu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hu, F., Yang, H., Zhou, X., Zhao, S., Qiu, L., Wei, S., Wang, X., Hu, J., Chen, Y., Hu, H., & Zhou, H. (2026). Pollution transfer and environmental health implications: Network evolution and proximity mechanisms in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1770901.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3241_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102539","volume":"12","author":"M Ibrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M., Iqbal, M., Tang, Y. T., Khan, S., Guan, D. X., & Li, G. (2022). Phosphorus mobilization in plant\u2013soil environments and inspired strategies for managing phosphorus: A review. Agronomy, 12(10), 2539.","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"3241_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44304-6_5","volume-title":"Hydrogeochemical evaluation and groundwater quality","author":"MS Islam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Islam, M. S. (2023). Trace metals in groundwater: Sources and mobilization. Hydrogeochemical evaluation and groundwater quality (pp. 135\u2013185). Springer Nature Switzerland."},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-025-12725-z","volume":"85","author":"P Kamaraj","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kamaraj, P., Subramani, D., & Alif, H. A. (2026). Agricultural impact on groundwater utilization in the Manimuktha sub-basin of Vellar River. Environmental Earth Sciences, 85(1), 16.","journal-title":"Environmental Earth Sciences"},{"key":"3241_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101405","volume":"22","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Taxak, A. K., Mishra, S., & Pandey, R. (2021). Long term trend analysis and suitability of water quality of River Ganga at Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 22, 101405.","journal-title":"Environmental Technology & Innovation"},{"key":"3241_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.198","volume":"651","author":"T Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, T., Sun, G., Yang, C., Liang, K., Ma, S., Huang, L., & Luo, W. (2019). Source apportionment and source-to-sink transport of major and trace elements in coastal sediments: Combining positive matrix factorization and sediment trend analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 344\u2013356.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"3241_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104718","volume":"251","author":"X Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, X., Xu, Q., Barham, M., Liu-Zeng, J., Liu, H., Dr\u00f6llner, M., Wu, Z., Li, Z., Hu, C., & Chen, X. (2024). Tracing the source areas of detrital zircon and K-feldspar in the Yellow River Basin. Earth-Science Reviews, 251, 104718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104718","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"3241_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1021\/es00135a001","volume":"19","author":"DM Mackay","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mackay, D. M., Roberts, P. V., & Cherry, J. A. (1985). Transport of organic contaminants in groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 19(5), 384\u2013392.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010315","volume":"24","author":"M Matulov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matulov\u00e1, M., Duborsk\u00e1, E., Mat\u00fa\u0161, P., & Ur\u00edk, M. (2022). Solid\u2013water interface interaction of selenium with Fe (II)-bearing minerals and aqueous Fe (II) and S (-II) ions in the near-field of the radioactive waste disposal system. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 315.","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"3241_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaspecpub23.c1","volume":"23","author":"JM McNeal","year":"1989","unstructured":"McNeal, J. M., & Balistrieri, L. S. (1989). Geochemistry and occurrence of selenium: An overview. Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment, 23, 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Selenium in Agriculture and the Environment"},{"issue":"19","key":"3241_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-29-5049-2025","volume":"29","author":"G Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng, G., Zhu, G., Jiao, Y., Qiu, D., Wang, Y., Lu, S., Li, R., Liu, J., Chen, L., Wang, Q., Huang, E., & Li, W. (2025). Soil salinity patterns reveal changes in the water cycle of inland river basins in arid zones. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 29(19), 5049\u20135063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-29-5049-2025","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"3241_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529609376357","volume":"31","author":"SV Mohan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mohan, S. V., Nithila, P., & Reddy, S. J. (1996). Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 31(2), 283\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10934529609376357","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A"},{"issue":"5","key":"3241_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.122091","volume":"14","author":"D Mu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mu, D., Li, P., & De Baets, B. (2026). Salinity and seasonal hydrological variability jointly shape the succession of groundwater microbial communities and ecological functions in irrigation districts. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 14(5), 122091.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"3241_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104681","volume":"194","author":"I Mukherjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukherjee, I., & Singh, U. K. (2020). Delineation of groundwater potential zones in a drought-prone semi-arid region of east India using GIS and analytical hierarchical process techniques. CATENA, 194, 104681.","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"3241_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.278","volume":"233","author":"I Mukherjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukherjee, I., Singh, U. K., & Patra, P. K. (2019). Exploring a multi-exposure-pathway approach to assess human health risk associated with groundwater fluoride exposure in the semi-arid region of east India. Chemosphere, 233, 164\u2013173.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"3241_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2024.101105","volume":"25","author":"RS Negi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Negi, R. S., Aswal, R. S., Negi, J. S., Prasad, M., Joshi, A., & Ramola, R. C. (2024). Distribution and risk estimation of potentially toxic elements in potable groundwater of Kumaun Himalaya, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 25, 101105.","journal-title":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"3241_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.70139","author":"RS Negi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Negi, R. S., Negi, J. S., Prasad, M., & Singh, K. P. (2025). Groundwater quality assessment in the foothills of the Kumaun Himalaya, India. Water Environment Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.70139","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"3241_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-024-11575-5","volume":"83","author":"FU Nisa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nisa, F. U., & Umar, R. (2024). Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment using deterministic and Monte Carlo simulation approaches in the Himalayan spring and surface water systems of Kulgam District, Kashmir valley, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 83(9), 278.","journal-title":"Environmental Earth Sciences"},{"key":"3241_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-020-01233-z","volume":"10","author":"PN Obasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Obasi, P. N., & Akudinobi, B. B. (2020). Potential health risk and levels of heavy metals in water resources of lead\u2013zinc mining communities of Abakaliki, Southeast Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10, 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-020-01233-z","journal-title":"Applied Water Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"3241_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380490492412","volume":"34","author":"SK Porter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Porter, S. K., Scheckel, K. G., Impellitteri, C. A., & Ryan, J. A. (2004). Toxic metals in the environment: Thermodynamic considerations for possible immobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34(6), 495\u2013604.","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"3241_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540100380","volume":"41","author":"B Prasad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prasad, B., & Bose, J. (2001). Evaluation of the heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a limestone mining area of the Lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology, 41, 183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002540100380","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"key":"3241_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24925-9","volume":"12","author":"M Prasad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prasad, M., Aswal, R. S., Joshi, A., et al. (2022). A systematic study on occurrence, risk estimation and health implications of heavy metals in potable water of Garhwal Himalaya. India. Scientific Reports, 12, 20419.","journal-title":"India. Scientific Reports"},{"key":"3241_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11600-018-0135-0","volume":"66","author":"M Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad, M., Kumar, G. A., Sahoo, B. K., et al. (2018). A comprehensive study of radon levels and associated radiation doses in Himalayan groundwater. Acta Geophysica, 66, 1223\u20131231.","journal-title":"Acta Geophysica"},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-018-6281-7","volume":"319","author":"M Prasad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prasad, M., Kumar, G. A., Sahoo, S. K., et al. (2019). Health risks associated with the exposure to uranium and heavy metals through potable groundwater in Uttarakhand state of India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 319(1), 13\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"3241_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-019-06827-9","volume":"323","author":"M Prasad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prasad, M., Ranga, V., Kumar, G. A., et al. (2020). Radiological impact assessment of soil and groundwater of Himalayan regions in Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 323, 1269\u20131282.","journal-title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},{"key":"3241_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1639-6","volume":"67","author":"MV Prasanna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prasanna, M. V., Praveena, S. M., Chidambaram, S., et al. (2012). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring: A case study from Curtin Lake, Miri City, East Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 67, 1987\u20132001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-012-1639-6","journal-title":"Environmental Earth Sciences"},{"key":"3241_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.080","volume":"250","author":"K Ravindra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ravindra, K., & Mor, S. (2019). Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environmental Pollution, 250, 820\u2013830.","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"3241_CR59","first-page":"342","volume":"2","author":"PS Saklani","year":"1972","unstructured":"Saklani, P. S. (1972). Lithostratigraphy and structure of the area between the Bhagirathi and Bhilangana rivers, Garhwal Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, 2, 342\u2013355.","journal-title":"Himalayan Geology"},{"key":"3241_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-019-00549-4","volume":"22","author":"KR Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, K. R., Dutta, R., Kalamdhad, A. S., et al. (2020). Review of existing heavy metal contamination indices and development of an entropy-based improved indexing approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 7847\u20137864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-019-00549-4","journal-title":"Environment, Development and Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"3241_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.06.046","volume":"73","author":"P Sipos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sipos, P., N\u00e9meth, T., Kis, V. K., & Mohai, I. (2008). Sorption of copper, zinc and lead on soil mineral phases. Chemosphere, 73(4), 461\u2013469.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"3241_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.24225","volume":"155","author":"B Ta\u015f","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ta\u015f, B., Tepe, Y., Ustao\u011flu, F., & Alptekin, S. (2019). Benthic algal diversity and water quality evaluation by biological approach of Turnasuyu Creek, NE Turkey. Desalination and Water Treatment, 155, 402\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5004\/dwt.2019.24225","journal-title":"Desalination and Water Treatment"},{"issue":"4","key":"3241_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-009-0103-z","volume":"9","author":"KG Taylor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taylor, K. G., & Owens, P. N. (2009). Sediments in urban river basins: A review of sediment\u2013contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 9(4), 281\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-009-0103-z","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR64","first-page":"92","volume":"5","author":"MP Tiwari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiwari, M. P., & Tiwari, P. (2020). Assessment of water quality status and zooplanktons of River Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi. Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 5(1), 92\u2013101.","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology"},{"key":"3241_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2026.104280","volume":"142","author":"C Tokatli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tokatli, C., Muhammad, S., Ustaoglu, F., & Y\u00fcksel, B. (2026). Spatial variation in water quality, their ecotoxicological risks, and source apportionment in the Marmara Sea Watershed, T\u00fcrkiye. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 142, 104280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pce.2026.104280","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth"},{"issue":"6","key":"3241_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2022.100479","volume":"99","author":"CO Unigwe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Unigwe, C. O., Egbueri, J. C., & Omeka, M. E. (2022). Geospatial and statistical approaches to nitrate health risk and groundwater quality assessment of an alluvial aquifer in SE Nigeria for drinking and irrigation purposes. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 99(6), 100479.","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Chemical Society"},{"key":"3241_CR67","unstructured":"United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Risk assessment guidance for superfund Volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part A). Washington DC, USA. EPA\/540\/1\u201389\/002; (1989)"},{"key":"3241_CR68","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Regulated drinking water contaminants (2015)."},{"key":"3241_CR69","volume-title":"The risk assessment information system (RAIS)","author":"United State Department of Energy (USDOE)","year":"2011","unstructured":"United State Department of Energy (USDOE). (2011). The risk assessment information system (RAIS). United State Department of Energy\u2019s Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO)."},{"key":"3241_CR70","first-page":"p. 291","volume-title":"Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya","author":"KS Valdiya","year":"1980","unstructured":"Valdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya (p. 291). WIHG Publ."},{"issue":"5","key":"3241_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-015-0590-9","volume":"124","author":"S Vyshnavi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vyshnavi, S., & Islam, R. (2015). Water\u2013rock interaction on the development of granite gneissic weathered profiles in Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 124(5), 945\u2013963.","journal-title":"Journal of Earth System Science"},{"key":"3241_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133451","volume":"465","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhang, J., Hu, J., Wang, H., Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, P., Deng, H., Dahlgren, R. A., Gao, H., & Chen, Z. (2024a). Simultaneous suppression of As mobilization and N2O emission from NH4+\/As-rich paddy soils by combined nitrate and birnessite amendment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 465, 133451.","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"3241_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedsph.2023.09.008","volume":"34","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhang, J., Zeng, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Chen, Y., Deng, H., Ge, L., Dahlgren, R. A., Gao, H., & Chen, Z. (2024b). Arsenic mobilization and nitrous oxide emission modulation by different nitrogen management strategies in a flooded ammonia-enriched paddy soil. Pedosphere, 34(6), 1051\u20131065.","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"3241_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08543","volume":"58","author":"Y Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Chen, Y., Cao, X., Xiang, M., Huang, Y., & Li, H. (2024). A critical review of groundwater table fluctuation: Formation, effects on multifields, and contaminant behaviors in a soil and aquifer system. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(5), 2185\u20132203.","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"3241_CR75","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th edition). World Health Organization.","edition":"4th edition"},{"key":"3241_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0465","DOI":"10.34133\/ehs.0465","volume":"12","author":"L Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang, L., Zhou, J., Liang, J., Zhong, C., Wang, F., Yang, Z., Li, X., Li, Z., & Zhou, H. (2026). A refined framework for alpine ecological security patterns: Identifying key restoration areas under different scenarios. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 12, 0465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/ehs.0465","journal-title":"Ecosystem Health and Sustainability"},{"key":"3241_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.108183","volume":"205","author":"MM Yazman","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yazman, M. M., Ustaoglu, F., Ayd\u0131n, H., & Y\u00fcksel, B. (2026). Interlinking metal pollution, sources, and health hazards in \u00c7aml\u0131goze aquaculture waters, T\u00fcrkiye: An application in environmental forensics. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 205, 108183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psep.2025.108183","journal-title":"Process Safety and Environmental Protection"},{"issue":"3","key":"3241_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.46770\/AS.2016.03.005","volume":"37","author":"B Y\u00fcksel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, B., Kayaalti, Z., Kaya-Aky\u00fczl\u00fc, D., Tekin, D., & S\u00f6ylemezoglu, T. (2016). Assessment of lead levels in maternal blood samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and influence of maternal blood lead on newborns. Atomic Spectroscopy, 37(3), 114\u2013119.","journal-title":"Atomic Spectroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"B Y\u00fcksel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, B., Mergen, G., & S\u00f6ylemezo\u011flu, T. (2010). Assessment of arsenic levels in human hair by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: A toxicological application. Atomic Spectroscopy, 31(1), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Atomic Spectroscopy"},{"key":"3241_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.111122","volume":"399","author":"L Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Liao, M., Li, L., Chen, L., Zhang, T., & Li, R. (2024). Cadmium activates the innate immune system through the AIM2 inflammasome. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 399, 111122.","journal-title":"Chemico-Biological Interactions"},{"issue":"3","key":"3241_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.7.3.169","volume":"7","author":"C Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu, C., & Schwartz, F. W. (2011). Hydrogeochemical processes and controls on water quality and water management. Elements, 7(3), 169\u2013174.","journal-title":"Elements"},{"issue":"1","key":"3241_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01691-w","volume":"193","author":"I Zwolak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zwolak, I. (2020). The role of selenium in arsenic and cadmium toxicity: An updated review of scientific literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 193(1), 44\u201363.","journal-title":"Biological Trace Element Research"}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:03:25Z","timestamp":1781345005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["3241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03241-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"342"}}