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We asked whether elemental enrichment persists below the surface once waste is cleared, whether lithogenic and waste-derived contributions can be separated using field-portable screening alone, and whether a low-cost protocol can prioritize sites in a city without laboratory capacity. At 45 community-reported dumping sites across Jackson, Mississippi, we measured eight potentially toxic elements (the metalloid arsenic with cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc) in composite soils at 0 to 2.5\u00a0cm and 15\u00a0cm by portable X-ray fluorescence, with laboratory ICP-OES on a 13-site subset for independent method comparison. Lead, copper and zinc dominated enrichment and co-occurred, and concentrations at 15\u00a0cm approached surface values, indicating the elemental burden is not lifted when surface waste is removed. Principal component and cluster analyses, corroborated by partial-extraction recoveries, separated a chromium, nickel and iron association consistent with lithogenic sources from a zinc, arsenic and lead association consistent with waste inputs. Distributions were strongly right-skewed, so ward means reflect a few extreme sites. A screening-level risk assessment gave hazard indices above unity at 21 of 45 sites for a child resident, driven largely by geogenic arsenic and manganese, whereas lead, the clearest waste-derived element, exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency residential soil screening level at 11 sites. Field screening with selective laboratory confirmation offers resource-limited cities a practical route to prioritize remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-026-03450-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:42:10Z","timestamp":1790242930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden toxicities: assessing city-wide contamination by potentially toxic elements from illegal dumping in Jackson, Mississippi"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5066-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Klevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0180-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai Venkat","family":"Mandalapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1289-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Nica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naira","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-7.15.71","volume":"7","author":"AA Adeyi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adeyi, A. 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