{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:01:23Z","timestamp":1789988483192,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032486","name":"Qatar Research, Development and Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCEC01-1029-230098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCEC01-1029-230098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qatar University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Geochem Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Environmental radioactivity in Qatar arises from a combination of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORM) and technically enhanced NORM (TENORM) associated with industrial activities. This study presents a comprehensive systematic review with quantitative synthesis of radionuclide concentrations across multiple environmental matrices, including soil, sediment, groundwater, seawater, building materials, and marine biota, extracted from research papers published between 1980 and September 2025. Data synthesis reveals those natural radionuclides such as\n                    <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ra,\n                    <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>\n                    U,\n                    <jats:sup>232<\/jats:sup>\n                    Th, and\n                    <jats:sup>40<\/jats:sup>\n                    K exhibit moderate spatial variability, influenced primarily by lithology, soil texture, and arid climatic conditions. In contrast, artificial radionuclides (\n                    <jats:sup>137<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cs,\n                    <jats:sup>90<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sr) are detected at trace levels, consistent with global fallout. Radiological risk assessment using indices such as radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, gonadal dose equivalent, and hazard indices indicates minimal risk for most soils, sediments, and conventional building materials. However, elevated activity concentrations and associated risk metrices are observed in industrial by-products, oil-field residues, and waste materials highlighting localized hazards. Key sources include geological formations, dust storms, hydrocarbon extraction, construction materials, and minor transboundary inputs. Despite the overall low exposure, continuous monitoring, strict management of industrial residues, and regional cooperation are recommended to mitigate potential health and environmental risks. This systematic review with quantitative synthesis provides a robust baseline for future environmental radioactivity research and policy development in arid regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:56:32Z","timestamp":1788954992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk assessment of radionuclides in different environmental matrices in the State of Qatar, Arabian Gulf"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1791-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Veerasingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Vinothini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ranjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania Edrees Adam","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishor Kumar","family":"Sadasivuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saud","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Al-Khayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncx221","volume":"179","author":"ZQ Ababneh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ababneh, Z. Q., Ababneh, A. M., Alsagabi, S., & Almasoud, F. I. (2018). A study of the radioactivity in the dust storm event of April 2015 in the Arabian Peninsula. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 179, 108\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncx221","journal-title":"Radiation Protection Dosimetry"},{"key":"3469_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113593","volume":"178","author":"A Abbasi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abbasi, A., Algethami, M., Bawazeer, O., & Zakaly, H. M. H. (2022). Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides and associated and radiation indices in the southwestern coastline of Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178, Article 113593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113593","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"3469_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130533","volume":"279","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbasi, S., Rezaei, M., Keshavarzi, B., Mina, M., Ritsema, C., & Geissen, V. (2021). Investigation of the 2018 Shiraz dust event: Potential sources of metals, rare earth elements and radionuclides; health assessment. Chemosphere, 279, Article 130533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130533","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"3469_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48500-x","volume":"9","author":"AY Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad, A. Y., Al-Ghouti, M. A., AlSadig, I., & Abu-Dieyeh, M. (2019). Vertical distribution and radiological risk assessment of 137Cs and natural radionuclides in soil samples. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 12196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-48500-x","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"3469_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13081335","volume":"13","author":"A Al-Dousari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Dousari, A., Omar, A., Al-Hemoud, A., Aba, A., Alrashedi, M., Alrawi, M., Rashki, A., Petrov, P., Ahmed, M., Al-Dousari, N., Baloshi, O., Jarba, M., Esmail, A., Alsaleh, A., & William, T. (2022). A success story in controlling sand and dust storms hotspots in the Middle East. Atmosphere, 13, Article 1335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos13081335","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"3469_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(87)90002-X","volume":"13","author":"L Al-Houty","year":"1987","unstructured":"Al-Houty, L., Abou-Leila, H., & El-Kameesy, S. (1987). Nature of gamma rays background radiation in new and old buildings of Qatar University. Environment International, 13, 393\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0160-4120(87)90002-X","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"3469_CR7","first-page":"210","volume":"45","author":"AT Al-Kinani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Kinani, A. T., Amr, M. A., Al-Saad, K. A. M., Helal, A. I., & Al-Dosari, M. (2012a). Investigation of depleted uranium contamination in the south parts of Qatar using Gamma ray spectroscopy and ICP-MS. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 45, 210\u2013217.","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"3469_CR8","first-page":"200","volume":"45","author":"AT Al-Kinani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Kinani, A. T., Amr, M. A., Al-Saad, K. A. M., Helal, A. I., & Al-Dosari, M. (2012b). Radioactivity measurements and risk assessments in soil samples at south and middle of Qatar. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 45, 200\u2013209.","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"3469_CR9","first-page":"37","volume":"3","author":"AT Al-Kinani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Kinani, A. T., Hushari, M., Al-Sulaiti, H., & Alsadig, I. A. (2015b). NORM in soil and sludge samples in Dukhan oil field, Qatar state. Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences, 3, 37\u201343.","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences"},{"key":"3469_CR10","first-page":"28","volume":"2","author":"AT Al-Kinani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Kinani, A. T., Hushari, M., Alsadig, I. A., & Al-Sulaiti, H. (2015a). Measurements of recycling steel slug at Qatar steel using low-level Gamma-ray spectrometry and calculation of risk factors. Donnish Journal of Research in Environmental Studies, 2, 28\u201336.","journal-title":"Donnish Journal of Research in Environmental Studies"},{"key":"3469_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116741","volume":"228","author":"MS Al-Kuwari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Kuwari, M. S., & Hushari, M. (2019). Doses and radiation risks estimation of adding steel slag to asphalt for road construction in Qatar. Construction and Building Materials, 228, Article 116741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116741","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"3469_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.10.021","volume":"90","author":"I Al-Qaradawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Qaradawi, I., Abdel-Moati, M., Al-Yafei, M. A., Al-Ansari, E., Al-Maslamani, I., Holm, E., Al-Shaikh, I., Mauring, A., Pinto, P. V., Abdulmalik, D., Amir, A., Miller, M., Yigiterhan, O., & Persson, B. (2015). Radioactivity levels in the marine environment along the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Qatar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 90, 323\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.10.021","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"3469_CR13","first-page":"315","volume":"45","author":"KA Al-Saad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Saad, K. A., Amr, M. A., Al-Kinani, A. T., & Helal, A. I. (2012). Phytoremediation of depleted uranium from contaminated soil and sediments. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 45, 315\u2013326.","journal-title":"Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"3469_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.05.001","volume":"140","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Al Mugren, K. S., Bradley, D. A., Regan, P. H., Santawamaitre, T., Malan, D., Habib, A., Nasir, T., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., & Bukhari, S. (2017). An assessment of the natural radioactivity distribution and radiation hazard in soil samples from Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 140, 132\u2013136.","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"key":"3469_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2011.01.020","volume":"652","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., Bradley, D. A., Bukhari, S., Matthews, M., Regan, P. H., & Santawamaitre, T. (2011). Determination of the natural radioactivity in Qatarian building materials using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section a: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 652, 915\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2011.01.020","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section a: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"3469_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.11.015","volume":"70","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Nasir, T., Al Mugren, K. S., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., Bradley, D. A., Bukhari, S., Matthews, M., Regan, P. H., Santawamaitre, T., Malain, D., & Habib, A. (2012). Determination of the natural radioactivity levels in north west of Dukhan, Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 70, 1344\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.11.015","journal-title":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes"},{"key":"3469_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660237","DOI":"10.1142\/S2010194516602374","volume":"44","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Nasir, T., Al Mugren, K. S., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., Bradley, D. A., Bukhari, S., Regan, P. H., Santawamaitre, T., Malan, D., Habib, A., Al-Dosari, H., & Daar, E. (2016b). Determination of the activity concentration levels of the artificial radionuclide 137Cs in soil samples collected from Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series, 44, 1660237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S2010194516602374","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"3469_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2016.07.003","volume":"127","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Nasir, T., Al Mugren, K. S., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., Bradley, D. A., Matthews, M., Regan, P. H., Santawamaitre, T., Malan, D., Habib, A., Al-Dosari, H., Al Sadig, I., & Daar, E. (2016a). Determination of 137Cs activity in soil from Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 127, 222\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2016.07.003","journal-title":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3469_CR19","first-page":"129","volume":"57","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Nasir, T., Regan, P. H., Bradley, D., Al-Mugren, K., Alkhomashi, N., Al-Dahan, N., Al-Dosari, M., Bukhari, S., Matthews, M., Santawamaitre, T., Malain, D., & Habib, A. (2014). Effect of the grain size of the soil on the measured activity and variation in activity in surface and subsurface soil samples. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Series a, Physical Sciences, 57(3), 129\u2013138.","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. Series a, Physical Sciences"},{"key":"3469_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2009.11.029","volume":"619","author":"H Al-Sulaiti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Sulaiti, H., Regan, P. H., Bradley, D. A., Malain, D., Santawamaitre, T., Habib, A., Matthews, M., Bukhari, S., & Al-Dosari, M. (2010). A preliminary report on the determination of natural radioactivity levels of the State of Qatar using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section a, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 619, 427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2009.11.029","journal-title":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section a, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment"},{"key":"3469_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109474","volume":"238","author":"AM Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, A. M., & Kakosimos, K. E. (2023). A receptor-centric decision support system for the mitigation of nuclear power atmospheric release incidents. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 238, Article 109474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109474","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"3469_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2024.100897","volume":"17","author":"MF Alotaibi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alotaibi, M. F., Alharbi, K. N., Alosime, E. M., Alhawali, L. H., Albarqi, M. M., & Alsulami, R. A. (2024). Natural radioactivity in soil and water of Saudi Arabia: A mixed-studies review. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 17, Article 100894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrras.2024.100897","journal-title":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"3469_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1080\/10420150.2025.2465295","volume":"180","author":"B Alshahrani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alshahrani, B., Korna, A. H., Fares, S. S., Ali, A. H., & Salman, M. (2025). Assessing radiological hazards from NORM in oil and gas production residues: A comprehensive study. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 180, 1307\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10420150.2025.2465295","journal-title":"Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids"},{"key":"3469_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06647-0","volume":"26","author":"F Alshahri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshahri, F. (2019). Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in urban soil around non-nuclear industries (Northern Al Jubail), Saudi Arabia: Assessment of health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 36226\u201336235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-06647-0","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"3469_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2015.12.008","volume":"153","author":"MA Amr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amr, M. A., Helal, A. I., Al-Kinani, A. T., & Balakrishnan, P. (2016). Ultra-trace determination of 90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239Pu, and 240Pu by triple quadruple collision\/reaction cell-ICP-MS\/MS: Establishing a baseline for global fallout in Qatar soil and sediments. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 153, 73\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2015.12.008","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity"},{"key":"3469_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2025.103770","volume":"57","author":"ES Aziman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aziman, E. S., Yahya, M. S., Sulaiman, S. A., Redzuan, M. A., Sufyan, K. R., Ramli, R., Idris, M. I., Ismail, A. F., Shuhaimi, A. I. M., & Hidayatullah, R. (2025). Radiological hazards and environmental impact of natural radioactivity and heavy metals in by-product and topsoil around a Malaysian coal-fired thermal power plant. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 57, Article 103770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.net.2025.103770","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"3469_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2019.01.015","volume":"202","author":"BB Babatunde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babatunde, B. B., Sikoki, F. D., Avwiri, G. O., & Chad-Umoreh, Y. E. (2019). Review of the status of radioactivity profile in the oil and gas producing areas of the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 202, 66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2019.01.015","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity"},{"key":"3469_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2018.06.004","volume":"192","author":"L Besic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Besic, L., Muhovic, I., Mrkulic, F., Spahic, L., Omanovic, A., & Kurtovic-Kozaric, A. (2018). Meta-analysis of depleted uranium levels in the Middle East Region. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 192, 67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2018.06.004","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity"},{"key":"3469_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.03.059","volume":"107","author":"FMD Carvalho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carvalho, F. M. D., Lauria, D. D. C., Ribeiro, F. C. A., Fonseca, R. T., Peres, S. D. S., & Martins, N. S. F. (2016). Natural and man-made radionuclides in sediments of an inlet in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107, 269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.03.059","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"3469_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11020331","volume":"11","author":"V Maderich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maderich, V., Bezhenar, R., Kovalets, I., Khalchenkov, O., & Brovchenko, I. (2023). Long-term contamination of the Arabian Gulf as a result of hypothetical nuclear power plant accidents. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11, Article 331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse11020331","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"},{"key":"3469_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15224026","volume":"15","author":"Y Manawi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manawi, Y., Ahmad, A., Subeh, M., Hushari, M., Bukhari, S., & Al-Sulaiti, H. (2023). Evaluation of the radon levels in the groundwater wells of Qatar: Radiological risk assessment. Water, 15, Article 4026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w15224026","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"3469_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35139-z","volume":"31","author":"J Mihalik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mihalik, J., Chelaifa, H., Alzaabi, M., & Alkaabi, A. K. (2024). Challenges in radioecology following the new trends in UAE\u2019s agricultural and environmental changes: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 58779\u201358794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35139-z","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"3469_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7719","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-7719-2023","volume":"23","author":"SO Nabavi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nabavi, S. O., Christoudias, T., Proestos, Y., Fountoukis, C., Al-Sulaiti, H., & Lelieveld, J. (2023). Spatiotemporal variation of radionuclide dispersion from nuclear power plant accidents using FLEXPART mini-ensemble modeling. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23, 7719\u20137739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-23-7719-2023","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"3469_CR34","first-page":"128","volume":"55","author":"A-S NasirT","year":"2012","unstructured":"NasirT, A.-S., & Regan, P. H. (2012). Assessment of radioactivity in some soil samples of Qatar by gamma-ray spectroscopy and the derived dose rates. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series a: Physical Sciences, 55(3), 128\u2013134.","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series a: Physical Sciences"},{"key":"3469_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2023.102274","volume":"186","author":"O Nesterov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nesterov, O., Addad, Y., Bilal, S., Bosc, E., Abida, R., Al Shehhi, M. R., & Temimi, M. (2023). A numerical assessment of the dispersion of dissolved pollutants in the Arabian Gulf associated with the Barakah nuclear power plant. Ocean Modelling, 186, Article 102274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocemod.2023.102274","journal-title":"Ocean Modelling"},{"key":"3469_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2021.103998","volume":"142","author":"R Perianez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perianez, R. (2021). APERTRACK: A particle-tracking model to simulate radionuclide transport in the Arabian Gulf. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 142, Article 103998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnucene.2021.103998","journal-title":"Progress in Nuclear Energy"},{"key":"3469_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146932","volume":"782","author":"S Rajendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajendran, S., Al-Kuwari, H. A., Sadooni, F. N., Nasir, S., & Govil, H. (2021). Remote sensing of inland Sabkha and a study of the salinity and temporal stability for sustainable development: A case study from the west coast of Qatar. Science of the Total Environment, 782, Article 146932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146932","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"3469_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncm246","volume":"127","author":"C Streffer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Streffer, C. (2007). The ICRP 2007 recommendations. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 127, 2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncm246","journal-title":"Radiation Protection Dosimetry"},{"key":"3469_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111481","volume":"159","author":"S Uddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uddin, S., Fowler, S. W., Behbehani, M., Al-Ghadban, A. N., Swarzenski, P. W., & Al-Awadhi, N. (2020). A review of radioactivity in the Gulf region. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, Article 111481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111481","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"3469_CR40","unstructured":"UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation). (2000). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Annex B\u2014Exposures from the Natural Radiation Sources Vol.1, 84\u2013141, UNSCEAR 2000 Report, United Nations, New York."},{"key":"3469_CR41","unstructured":"USEPA. (2011). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwreginfo\/drinking-water-regulations#List"},{"key":"3469_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111486","volume":"159","author":"S Veerasingam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veerasingam, S., Al-Khayat, J. A., Haseeba, K. P., Aboobacker, V. M., Hamza, S., & Vethamony, P. (2020). Spatial distribution, structural characterization and weathering of tarmats along the west coast of Qatar. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, Article 111486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111486","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"3469_CR43","unstructured":"WHO. (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality: Recommendations. World Health Organization p.1. Geneva."}],"container-title":["Environmental Geochemistry and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:12:03Z","timestamp":1789985523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-026-03469-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-4042","1573-2983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-4042","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"582"}}