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In the first national cohort study to address this issue, we identified 810,719 non-Muslim males born in Denmark between 1977 and 2003 and followed them over the age span 0\u201336\u00a0years between 1977 and 2013. We obtained information about cohort members\u2019 non-therapeutic circumcisions, HIV diagnoses and other STI outcomes from national health registers and used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with foreskin status (i.e., circumcised <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> genitally intact). During a mean of 22\u00a0years of follow-up, amounting to a total observation period of 17.7 million person-years, 3375 cohort members (0.42%) underwent non-therapeutic circumcision, and 8531 (1.05%) received hospital care for HIV or other STIs. Compared with genitally intact males, rates among circumcised males were not statistically significantly reduced for any specific STI. Indeed, circumcised males had a 53% higher rate of STIs overall (HR\u2009=\u20091.53, 95% CI: 1.24\u20131.89), and rates were statistically significantly increased for anogenital warts (74 cases in circumcised males <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 7151 cases in intact males, HR\u2009=\u20091.51; 95% CI: 1.20\u20131.90) and syphilis (four cases in circumcised males <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 197 cases in intact males, HR\u2009=\u20093.32; 95% CI: 1.23\u20138.95). In this national cohort study spanning more than three decades of observation, non-therapeutic circumcision in infancy or childhood did not appear to provide protection against HIV or other STIs in males up to the age of 36\u00a0years. Rather, non-therapeutic circumcision was associated with higher STI rates overall, particularly for anogenital warts and syphilis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T13:04:39Z","timestamp":1632661479000},"page":"251-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3864-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Frisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8700-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"809_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Am J Bioethics. 2019;19(10):17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2019.1643945.","journal-title":"Am J Bioethics"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T07:25:37Z","timestamp":1652685937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-021-00809-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest. MF has taken part in national and international debates on the ethics of genital procedures on minors. MF shares the viewpoint of the Danish Medical Association that medically unnecessary genital cutting without the consent of the affected individual is proscribed by medical ethics.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"In accordance with Danish law, this register-based study obtained institutional approval on behalf of the Danish Data Protection Agency (Approval No. 21\/00071).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}