{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:20:01Z","timestamp":1791559201900,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021078","name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical, psychological and cognitive symptoms have been reported as post-acute sequelae for COVID-19 patients but are also common in the general uninfected population. We aimed to calculate the excess risk and identify patterns of 22 symptoms up to 12\u00a0months after COVID-19. We followed more than 70,000 adult participants in an ongoing cohort study, the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infected and non-infected participants registered presence of 22 different symptoms in March 2021. One year after infection, 13 of 22 symptoms were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on relative risks between infected and uninfected subjects. For instance, 17.4% of SARS-CoV-2 infected cohort participants reported fatigue that persist 12\u00a0months after infection, compared to new occurrence of fatigue that had lasted less than 12\u00a0months in 3.8% of non-infected subjects (excess risk 13.6%). The adjusted relative risk for fatigue was 4.8 (95% CI 3.5\u20136.7). Two main underlying factors explained 50% of the variance in the 13 symptoms. Brain fog, poor memory, dizziness, heart palpitations, and fatigue had high loadings on the first factor, while shortness-of breath and cough had high loadings on the second factor. Lack of taste and smell showed low to moderate correlation to other symptoms. Anxiety, depression and mood swings were not strongly related to COVID-19. Our results suggest that there are clusters of symptoms after COVID-19 due to different mechanisms and question whether it is meaningful to describe long COVID as one syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T23:45:09Z","timestamp":1645746309000},"page":"539-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Excess risk and clusters of symptoms after COVID-19 in a large Norwegian cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida Henriette","family":"Caspersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lill","family":"Trogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","volume":"27","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"847_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417","volume":"4","author":"T Nasserie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasserie T, Hittle M, Goodman SN. Assessment of the frequency and variety of persistent symptoms among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5): e2111417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029","volume":"45","author":"P Magnus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magnus P, Birke C, Vejrup K, et al. Cohort profile update: the norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa). Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(2):382\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw029.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"847_CR5","unstructured":"[Available from: https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/hn\/health-registries\/msis\/]."},{"key":"847_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trogstad L, Ung G, Hagerup-Jenssen M, et al. The Norwegian immunisation register--SYSVAK. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(16)","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.16.20147-en"},{"key":"847_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention. Post-COVID Conditions [Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/long-term-effects.html accessed January 11 2021."},{"key":"847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3981","volume":"371","author":"E Mahase","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahase E. Long covid could be four different syndromes, review suggests. BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2020;371: m3981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3981.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res ed)"},{"issue":"6554","key":"847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg7113","volume":"373","author":"NA Alwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alwan NA. The road to addressing long Covid. Science. 2021;373(6554):491\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abg7113.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"847_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30203-0","volume":"7","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30203-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"847_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","volume":"71","author":"A Giacomelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","author":"DH Brann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7862","key":"847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","volume":"594","author":"Z Al-Aly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594(7862):259\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T11:12:57Z","timestamp":1655723577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00847-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.10.15.21265038","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"The establishment of MoBa and initial data collection was based on a license from the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and approval from The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics. The MoBa cohort is now based on regulations related to the Norwegian Health Registry Act. The current sub-study was approved by The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, South East Norway C, no. 127708.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}