{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:33:01Z","timestamp":1740123181995,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM010884-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM010884-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T08:04:12Z","timestamp":1667289852000},"page":"1141-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["1976: the year epidemiology became Miettinenian"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1902-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Morabia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122403","volume":"36","author":"A Morabia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morabia A. Has epidemiology become infatuated with methods? A historical perspective on the place of methods during the classical (1945\u20131965) phase of epidemiology. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:69\u201388.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"930_CR2","unstructured":"Morris JN. Uses of Epidemiology. Edinburgh, UK: E. & S. Livingstone; 1957."},{"key":"930_CR3","volume-title":"Foundations of epidemiology","author":"AM Lilienfeld","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lilienfeld AM. Foundations of epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1976."},{"key":"930_CR4","volume-title":"Epidemiology: an introductory text","author":"JS Mausner","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mausner JS, Bahn AK. Epidemiology: an introductory text. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Co.; 1974."},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR5","first-page":"1269","volume":"11","author":"J Cornfield","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cornfield J. A method of estimating comparative rates from clinical data; applications to cancer of the lung, breast, and cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1951;11(6):1269\u201375.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-004-3117-8","volume":"49","author":"FF Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang FF, Michaels DC, Mathema B, Kauchali S, Chatterjee A, Ferris DC, et al. Evolution of epidemiologic methods and concepts in selected textbooks of the 20th century. Soz Pr, ventivmed. 2004;49(2):97\u2013104.","journal-title":"Soz Pr, ventivmed"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR7","first-page":"719","volume":"22","author":"N Mantel","year":"1959","unstructured":"Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. JNatlCancer Inst. 1959;22(4):719\u201348.","journal-title":"JNatlCancer Inst"},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR8","first-page":"173","volume":"22","author":"J Cornfield","year":"1959","unstructured":"Cornfield J, Haenszel W, Hammond EC, Lilienfeld AM, Shimkin MB, Wynder EL. Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and a discussion of some questions. J NatlCancer Inst. 1959;22(1):173\u2013203.","journal-title":"J NatlCancer Inst"},{"key":"930_CR9","volume-title":"Epidemiologic methods","author":"B MacMahon","year":"1960","unstructured":"MacMahon B, Pugh TF, Ipsen J. Epidemiologic methods. Boston: Little, Brown and Co; 1960."},{"key":"930_CR10","unstructured":"Health TSGsACoSa. Smoking and Health. Report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general of the public health service. Princeton, NJ: U.S Department of health, education, and welfare: public health service; 1964."},{"key":"930_CR11","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Matched pairs vs. two independent series in the case of all-or-none responses. Minnesota, Minneapolis USA: Univ. of Minnesota; 1966."},{"key":"930_CR12","volume-title":"Some basic theory for matching designs in nonexperimental research on causation","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Some basic theory for matching designs in nonexperimental research on causation. Minnesota: University of Minnesota; 1968."},{"key":"930_CR13","first-page":"98","volume":"2","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1971","unstructured":"Miettinen OS, Neff RK. Computer processing of epidemiologic data. Hart Bull. 1971;2:98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Hart Bull"},{"key":"930_CR14","volume-title":"Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. Chestnut Hill: Epidemiology Resources Inc.; 1982."},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120949","volume":"89","author":"IDJ Bross","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bross IDJ. How case-for-case matching can improve design efficiency. Am J Epidemiol. 1969;89(4):359\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR16","first-page":"111","volume":"91","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Matching and design efficiency in retrospective studies. AmJEpidemiol. 1970;91(2):111\u20138.","journal-title":"AmJEpidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121470","volume":"96","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Standardization of risk ratios. Am J Epidemiol. 1972;96(6):383\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121443","volume":"96","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Components of the crude risk ratio. Am J Epidemiol. 1972;96(2):168\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112043","volume":"100","author":"L Fisher","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fisher L, Patil K. Matching and unrelatedness. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;100(5):347\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR20","first-page":"350","volume":"100","author":"O Miettinen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Miettinen O. Confounding and effect-modification. AmJEpidemiol. 1974;100(5):350\u20133.","journal-title":"AmJEpidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"930_CR21","first-page":"531","volume":"9","author":"ML Levin","year":"1953","unstructured":"Levin ML. The occurrence of lung cancer in man. Acta UnioIntContraCancrum. 1953;9(3):531\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta UnioIntContraCancrum"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121617","volume":"99","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Proportion of disease caused or prevented by a given exposure, trait or intervention. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;99(5):325\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112220","volume":"103","author":"O Miettinen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Miettinen O. Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;103(2):226\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR24","first-page":"97","volume":"9","author":"H Morgenstern","year":"1980","unstructured":"Morgenstern H, Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL. Measures of disease incidence used in epidemiologic research. IntJEpidemiol. 1980;9(1):97\u2013104.","journal-title":"IntJEpidemiol"},{"key":"930_CR25","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research volume 1: the analysis of case-control studies. Lyon: international agency for research on cancer; 1980."},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.1.205","volume":"19","author":"L Rodrigues","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rodrigues L, Kirkwood BR. Case-control designs in the study of common diseases: updates on the demise of the rare disease assumption and the choice of sampling scheme for controls. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19(1):205\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396","volume":"135","author":"S Wacholder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(9):1019\u201328.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"930_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116397","volume":"135","author":"S Wacholder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies. II. Types of controls. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(9):1029\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"930_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116398","volume":"135","author":"S Wacholder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies. III. Design options. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(9):1042\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"930_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113439","volume":"116","author":"S Greenland","year":"1982","unstructured":"Greenland S, Thomas DC. On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(3):547\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112408","volume":"105","author":"KT Copeland","year":"1977","unstructured":"Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, Holbrook RH. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105(5):488\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112339","volume":"104","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Stratification by a multivariate confounder score. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(6):609\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113225","volume":"114","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miettinen OS, Cook EF. Confounding: essence and detection. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;114(4):593\u2013603.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780020222","volume":"2","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. The need for randomization in the study of intended effects. Stat Med. 1983;2(2):267\u201371.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"930_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2014-0017","author":"A Morabia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morabia A. Interaction \u2013 epidemiology\u2019s brinkmanship. Discussion of a tutorial on interaction, by Tyler VanderWeele and Mirjam Knol. Epidemiol Methods. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/em-2014-0017.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"930_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.55.10.1578","volume":"55","author":"AZ Keller","year":"1965","unstructured":"Keller AZ, Terris M. The association of alcohol and tobacco with cancer of the mouth and pharynx. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1965;55(10):1578\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"930_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(72)90006-9","volume":"25","author":"K Rothman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rothman K, Keller A. The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx. J Chronic Dis. 1972;25(12):711\u20136.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121626","volume":"99","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. Synergy and antagonism in cause-effect relationships. Am J Epidemiol. 1974;99(6):385\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112335","volume":"104","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. Causes. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(6):587\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"930_CR40","first-page":"60","volume":"108","author":"MD Hogan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hogan MD, Kupper LL, Most BM, Haseman JK. Alternatives to Rothman\u2019s approach for assessing synergism (or antagonism) in cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"930_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112489","volume":"106","author":"JS Koopman","year":"1977","unstructured":"Koopman JS. Causal models and sources of interaction. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;106(6):439\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113015","volume":"112","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Walker AM. Concepts of interaction. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112(4):467\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"930_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2479","volume":"8","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Causal and preventive interdependence. Elementary principles. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1982;8(3):159\u201368.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1945","volume":"14","author":"S Greenland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Greenland S, Poole C. Invariants and noninvariants in the concept of interdependent effects. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988;14(2):125\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"930_CR45","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. Modern epidemiology. 1st ed. Boston: Little Brown and Co; 1986.","edition":"1"},{"key":"930_CR46","volume-title":"Epidemiologic research: principles & quantitative methods","author":"DG Kleinbaum","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic research: principles & quantitative methods. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1982."},{"key":"930_CR47","unstructured":"Schlesselman JJ. Case-control studies. Design, conduct, analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1982."},{"key":"930_CR48","volume-title":"Theoretical epidemiology: principles of occurrence research in medicine","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Theoretical epidemiology: principles of occurrence research in medicine. New York: Wiley; 1985."},{"key":"930_CR49","first-page":"940","volume":"81","author":"PW Holland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holland PW. Statistics and causal inference (with discussion). J Am Stat Assoc. 1986;81:940\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"930_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177012031","volume":"5","author":"J Splawa-Neyman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Splawa-Neyman J. On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments. Essay on principles. Section 9. Statist Sci. 1990;5(4):465\u201380.","journal-title":"Statist Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037350","volume":"66","author":"DB Rubin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized treatments. J Educ Psychol. 1974;66(5):688\u2013701.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"930_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6","volume":"7","author":"J Robins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Robins J. A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with sustained exposure periods-application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect. Math Model. 1986;7:1393\u2013512.","journal-title":"Math Model"},{"issue":"12","key":"930_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00542-5","volume":"55","author":"OS Miettinen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miettinen OS. Feinstein and study design. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(12):1167\u201372.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"930_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009732","volume":"149","author":"AJ McMichael","year":"1999","unstructured":"McMichael AJ. Prisoners of the proximate: loosening the constraints on epidemiology in an age of change. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(10):887\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"930_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.2.216","volume":"88","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"1998","unstructured":"Diez-Roux AV. Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(2):216\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"930_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz064","volume":"188","author":"SG Davey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davey SG. Post-modern epidemiology: when methods meet matter. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(8):1410\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"930_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.678","volume":"86","author":"N Pearce","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pearce N. Traditional epidemiology, modern epidemiology, and public health. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(5):678\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T04:38:38Z","timestamp":1671165518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00930-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0393-2990"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7284"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}