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However, as symptoms may also occur in the absence of COVID-19, a lack of appropriate controls has often meant that specificity of symptoms to acute COVID-19 or long COVID, and the extent and length of time for which they are elevated after COVID-19, could not be examined. We analysed individual symptom prevalences and characterised patterns of COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms across nine UK longitudinal studies, totalling over 42,000 participants. Conducting latent class analyses separately in three groups (\u2018no COVID-19\u2019, \u2018COVID-19 in last 12\u00a0weeks\u2019, \u2018COVID-19\u2009&gt;\u200912\u00a0weeks ago\u2019), the data did not support the presence of more than two distinct symptom patterns, representing high and low symptom burden, in each group. Comparing the high symptom burden classes between the \u2018COVID-19 in last 12\u00a0weeks\u2019 and \u2018no COVID-19\u2019 groups we identified symptoms characteristic of acute COVID-19, including loss of taste and smell, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath and muscle pains or aches. Comparing the high symptom burden classes between the \u2018COVID-19\u2009&gt;\u200912\u00a0weeks ago\u2019 and \u2018no COVID-19\u2019 groups we identified symptoms characteristic of long COVID, including fatigue, shortness of breath, muscle pain or aches, difficulty concentrating and chest tightness. The identified symptom patterns among individuals with COVID-19\u2009&gt;\u200912\u00a0weeks ago were strongly associated with self-reported length of time unable to function as normal due to COVID-19 symptoms, suggesting that the symptom pattern identified corresponds to long COVID. Building the evidence base regarding typical long COVID symptoms will improve diagnosis of this condition and the ability to elicit underlying biological mechanisms, leading to better patient access to treatment and services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00962-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1674266560000},"page":"199-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Characterising patterns of COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms: evidence from nine UK longitudinal studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth C. 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