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We carried out a population-based case-control study in two provinces in Northern Italy. We enrolled 182 cases of childhood leukemia diagnosed during 1998\u20132019 and 726 age- and sex-matched population controls. We geocoded the addresses of child residences and 790 petrol stations located in the study area. We estimated leukemia risk according to distance from petrol stations within a 1000 m buffer and amount of supplied fuel within a buffer of 250 m from the child\u2019s residence. We used conditional logistic regression models to approximate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations of interest, adjusted for potential confounders. We also modeled non-linear associations using restricted cubic splines. In secondary analyses, we restricted to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases and stratifed by age (&lt;5 and \u22655 years). Compared with children who lived\u22651000 m from a petrol station, the RR was 2.2 (95% CI 0.5\u20139.4) for children living&lt;50 m from nearest petrol station. Associations were stronger for the ALL subtype (RR=2.9, 95% CI 0.6\u201313.4) and among older children (age\u22655 years: RR=4.4, 95% CI 0.6\u201334.1; age&lt;5 years: RR=1.6, 95% CI 0.1\u201319.4). Risk of leukemia was also greater (RR=1.6, 95% CI 0.7\u20133.3) among the most exposed participants when assigning exposure categories based on petrol stations located within 250 m of the child\u2019s residence and total amount of gasoline delivered by the stations. Overall, residence within close proximity to a petrol station, especially one with more intense refueling activity, was associated with an increased risk of childhood leukemia, though associations were imprecise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01009-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T09:04:58Z","timestamp":1685437498000},"page":"771-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Malavolti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Malagoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren A","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Bellelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Palazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Cellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2227-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Costanzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7375-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Teggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.5.1487","volume":"21","author":"SM Namayandeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Namayandeh SM, Khazaei Z, Lari Najafi M, Goodarzi E, Moslem A. 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