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We investigated this association in a large prospective European cohort. Dietary and non-dietary data was collected from 183,225 participants of the EPIC-for-Neurodegenerative-Diseases (EPIC4ND) cohort, a sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Crude and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine potential associations between baseline dietary intake of dairy, calcium and vitamin D with incident PD risk. No relationship was observed between dairy consumption (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.82\u20131.39), individual dairy products (milk: HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.73\u20131.23; yogurt: HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.82\u20131.29; cheese: HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.85\u20131.51), or vitamin D (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.80\u20131.45) with PD risk. However, we observed a risk-increasing association with higher calcium intakes (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00-1.78, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.031), which was more pronounced in men (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.00-2.25, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.044) and in ever smokers (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.014). No compelling evidence was found for an association between dairy products or vitamin D intake and PD risk indicating a potentially limited relevance of dairy intake in PD risk than previously described. Our observations of a positive association between dietary calcium intake and PD risk in men and in ever smokers require further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01183-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1733221534000},"page":"1251-1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Associations of milk, dairy products, calcium and vitamin D intake with risk of developing Parkinson\u00b4s disease within the EPIC4ND cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2440-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mareike","family":"Gr\u00f6ninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jara","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Kaaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-7026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Amiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4533-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagfinn","family":"Aune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Cabrera","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9342-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnni","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Homann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Masala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Sacerdote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Jose","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Santucci","family":"De Magistris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Sieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6509-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena A.","family":"Katzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","volume":"15","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. 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